1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) is a group of neurons located in the brainstem, specifically in the pontine region. Here is an overview of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus: 1. Anatomy : o The PPN is situated in the rostral part of the brainstem, near the junction of the pons and midbrain. It is part of the reticular formation, a network of neurons involved in various physiological functions. o The PPN receives inputs from multiple brain regions, including the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortex, and sends outputs to structures involved in motor control, arousal, and gait. 2. Function : o Motor Control: The PPN is implicated in the regulation of motor functions, particularly in the control of posture, locomotion, and movement initiation. It is involved in coordinating rhythmic movements and adjusting gait patterns. o Arousal and Attention: The PPN is also associated with arousal, wakefulness, and attention. It plays a role in regulat...