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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Clinical Significance of the Lambda Waves

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The clinical significance of lambda waves is primarily related to their role as indicators of normal brain function, particularly in the context of visual processing and wakefulness. Here are the key points regarding the clinical significance of lambda waves: 1. Normal Phenomenon Lambda waves are considered a normal EEG finding in awake individuals, especially during visual exploration. Their presence indicates that the visual cortex is actively engaged in processing visual stimuli 28. 2. Asymmetry and Pathology While lambda waves are typically benign, marked and consistent asymmetry in their presence can indicate potential cerebral pathology. This asymmetry may manifest as either an asymmetric bilateral field or unilateral lambda waves that occur more frequently on one side. Such findings may suggest underlying neurological issues on the side lacking lambda waves 28. 3. Association with Visual Proc...
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Co-occurring Patterns of Lambda Waves

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Lambda waves are often associated with specific co-occurring patterns in EEG recordings, particularly during wakefulness and visual exploration. Here are the key co-occurring patterns associated with lambda waves: 1. Saccades and Ocular Artifacts Lambda waves are frequently linked to saccadic eye movements, which are rapid movements of the eye as it shifts focus from one point to another. These waves may be time-locked to saccades, typically with a delay of less than 100 milliseconds 28. The presence of lambda waves is often accompanied by ocular artifacts, such as lateral rectus spikes, which are generated by blinking and lateral gaze movements 28. 2. Posterior Dominant Rhythm (PDR) Lambda waves occur during attentive wakefulness and are associated with the posterior dominant rhythm, which is a prominent alpha rhythm seen in the occipital region. However, the PDR is usually intermittently present when l...
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Lambda Waves Compared to the Interictal Epileptiform Discharges

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Lambda waves and Interictal Epileptiform Discharges (IEDs) are both EEG patterns observed in the brain, but they have distinct characteristics, contexts of occurrence, and clinical implications. Here are the key differences between the two: 1. State of Occurrence Lambda Waves : These waves occur exclusively during wakefulness, particularly when the eyes are open and the individual is engaged in visual exploration. They are associated with visual attention and processing. Interictal Epileptiform Discharges (IEDs) : IEDs can occur during both wakefulness and sleep, and they are typically associated with epilepsy. They are not dependent on visual stimuli or eye movements. 2. Waveform Characteristics Lambda Waves : Lambda waves are characterized by a triangular or sawtooth waveform, with a sharp contour at the apex. They are generally diphasic or sometimes triphasic. IEDs : IEDs are typically sharper an...
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Distinguishing Features of K Complexes

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
  K complexes are specific waveforms observed in electroencephalograms (EEGs) during sleep, particularly in stages 2 and 3 of non-REM sleep. Here are the distinguishing features of K complexes: 1.       Morphology : o     K complexes are characterized by a sharp negative deflection followed by a slower positive wave. This biphasic pattern is a key feature that differentiates K complexes from other EEG waveforms, such as vertex sharp transients (VSTs). 2.      Duration : o     K complexes typically have a longer duration compared to other transient waveforms. They can last for several hundred milliseconds, which helps in distinguishing them from shorter waveforms like VSTs. 3.      Amplitude : o     The amplitude of K complexes is often similar to that of the higher amplitude slow waves present in the background EEG. However, K complexes can stand out due to their ...
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Lambda Waves Compared to the Posterior Slow Waves of Youth

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Lambda waves and Posterior Slow Waves of Youth (PSWY) are both EEG patterns observed in the occipital region, particularly in children. However, they have distinct characteristics and contexts of occurrence. Here are the key differences between the two: 1. State of Occurrence Lambda Waves : These waves occur exclusively during wakefulness, particularly when the eyes are open and the individual is engaged in visual exploration. They are associated with visual attention and processing. Posterior Slow Waves of Youth : In contrast, PSWY occur primarily when the eyes are closed. They are typically present during wakefulness but are blocked when the eyes are open, making their occurrence dependent on eye closure. 2. Waveform Characteristics Lambda Waves : Lambda waves are characterized by a triangular or sawtooth waveform, with a sharp contour at the apex. They are generally diphasic or sometimes triphasic. Pos...
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