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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Different Methods for recoding the Brain Signals of the Brain?

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

The various methods for recording brain signals in detail, focusing on both non-invasive and invasive techniques. 

1. Electroencephalography (EEG)

Type: Non-invasive

Description:

    • EEG involves placing electrodes on the scalp to capture electrical activity generated by neurons.
    • It records voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.
    • This method provides high temporal resolution (millisecond scale), allowing for the monitoring of rapid changes in brain activity.

Advantages:

    • Relatively low cost and easy to set up.
    • Portable, making it suitable for various applications, including clinical and research settings.

Disadvantages:

    • Lacks spatial resolution; it cannot precisely locate where the brain activity originates, often leading to ambiguous results.
    • Signals may be contaminated by artifacts like muscle activity and electrical noise.

Developments:

    • Advances such as high-density EEG use more electrodes to improve spatial resolution and signal quality through techniques like different montages (e.g., bipolar, Laplacian, common average references).

2. Electrocorticography (ECoG)

Type: Invasive

Description:

    • ECoG involves placing electrodes directly on the cerebral cortex after a surgical procedure.
    • This method measures electrical activity from the cortex with higher fidelity than EEG.

Advantages:

    • Offers better spatial resolution (millimeter scale) and frequency range (up to 200 Hz or more).
    • Signals are of higher amplitude and quality, providing clearer data that is less susceptible to motion artifacts.

Disadvantages:

    • Invasive nature requires surgery, posing risks such as infection or damage to the brain tissue.
    • The electrodes can only be left in place for a short time to prevent tissue damage.

3. Intracortical Recordings

Type: Invasive

Description:

    • This technique involves implanting electrodes directly into the brain tissue itself to record electrical activity at the level of individual neurons or small groups of neurons.

Advantages:

    • Provides the highest spatial resolution and can capture detailed information about neuronal activity.

Disadvantages:

    • The procedure is highly invasive, entails significant risks, and is usually limited to research environments.

4. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Type: Non-invasive

Description:

    • fMRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, utilizing the principle of neurovascular coupling.
    • It captures high-resolution images (in the millimeter range) of brain activity across the entire brain.

Advantages:

    • Offers excellent spatial resolution of brain activity and can visualize activation patterns across different brain regions.

Disadvantages:

    • It is expensive, less portable, and typically involves lengthy setup times.
    • The equipment can be uncomfortable due to noise and requires participants to remain still even during scanning.

5. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)

Type: Non-invasive

Description:

    • NIRS uses near-infrared light to assess blood flow and oxygenation in the brain, providing insight into metabolic processes.

Advantages:

    • Portable and can be used in various settings, including outside of clinical environments.

Disadvantages:

    • Limited depth of penetration and spatial resolution compared to fMRI, rendering it less capable of capturing deeper brain activity.

Summary

Each method of brain signal recording has its unique strengths and weaknesses, making them suitable for different research or clinical applications. Non-invasive methods like EEG and fMRI offer ease of use and safety, while invasive techniques such as ECoG and intracortical recordings provide superior spatial resolution and signal quality at the cost of increased risk. The ongoing development of these technologies aims to enhance their effectiveness in understanding brain function and improving clinical outcomes.

 

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