How does the 0D closed-loop model of the whole cardiovascular system contribute to the overall accuracy of the simulation?

The 0D closed-loop model of the whole cardiovascular system plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall accuracy of simulations in the context of biventricular electromechanics. Here are some key ways in which the 0D closed-loop model contributes to the accuracy of the simulation:

1. Comprehensive Representation: The 0D closed-loop model provides a comprehensive representation of the entire cardiovascular system, including systemic circulation, arterial and venous compartments, and interactions between the heart and the vasculature. By capturing the dynamics of blood flow, pressure-volume relationships, and vascular resistances, the model offers a holistic view of circulatory physiology.

2. Integration of Hemodynamics: By integrating hemodynamic considerations into the simulation, the 0D closed-loop model allows for a more realistic representation of the interactions between cardiac mechanics and circulatory dynamics. This integration enables the simulation to account for the effects of preload, afterload, and vascular compliance on cardiac function, leading to more physiologically relevant results.

3. Pressure-Volume Loop Simulation: The closed-loop model can simulate the pressure-volume loop (PV-loop) of the entire cardiovascular system, providing insights into the hemodynamic changes throughout the cardiac cycle. This information is essential for understanding how changes in cardiac function impact systemic circulation and vice versa, leading to a more accurate representation of the heart's performance under varying conditions.

4. Physiological Interface Conditions: The closed-loop model allows for the implementation of physiologically sound interface conditions between the electromechanical model of the heart and the circulatory system. By ensuring consistency between the two models, the simulation can capture the dynamic feedback mechanisms that govern the interaction between cardiac electromechanics and hemodynamics.

5. Prediction of Global Responses: The 0D closed-loop model enables the prediction of global responses of the cardiovascular system to changes in cardiac function, vascular properties, and systemic parameters. This capability is essential for studying the overall performance of the heart in the context of the entire circulatory system and for assessing the impact of interventions or pathophysiological conditions on cardiovascular function.

In summary, the 0D closed-loop model of the whole cardiovascular system enhances the accuracy of biventricular electromechanical simulations by providing a comprehensive representation of circulatory dynamics, integrating hemodynamic considerations, simulating pressure-volume relationships, ensuring physiological interface conditions, and enabling the prediction of global responses of the cardiovascular system.

Piersanti, R., Regazzoni, F., Salvador, M., Corno, A. F., Dede', L., Vergara, C., & Quarteroni, A. (2021). 3D-0D closed-loop model for the simulation of cardiac biventricular electromechanics. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.01907*.

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