Skip to main content

Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
Post a Comment

What is TMS?

Image
Dr. Rishabh Pathak


 

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that involves the use of magnetic fields to stimulate specific regions of the brain. Here are some key points about TMS:

 1. Mechanism of Action:

   - TMS works by generating a magnetic field that induces electrical currents in targeted areas of the brain, leading to the depolarization of neurons and the modulation of neural activity.

   - The stimulation can either increase or decrease the excitability of neurons, depending on the frequency and intensity of the magnetic pulses applied.

 2. Therapeutic Application:

   - TMS is commonly used in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and certain neurological disorders.

   - In the context of depression, repetitive TMS (rTMS) is often used to target specific brain regions implicated in mood regulation, such as the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC).

 3. Treatment for Depression:

   - TMS has been approved by regulatory agencies, such as the FDA in the United States, as a treatment for medication-resistant depression.

   - The therapeutic effects of TMS in depression are thought to involve both short-term changes in neural excitability and long-term neuroplastic changes that may contribute to symptom improvement.

 4. Administration:

   - TMS is typically administered in multiple sessions over a period of weeks, with each session lasting around 20-30 minutes.

   - The treatment schedule and parameters (e.g., frequency, intensity) of TMS sessions are tailored to individual patient needs and treatment protocols.

 5. Efficacy:

   - Clinical studies have shown that TMS can be effective in reducing depressive symptoms in a subset of patients who do not respond to traditional antidepressant medications.

   - Response rates to TMS treatment for depression typically range from 29% to 46%, with remission rates in the range of 18% to 31%.

 6. Safety:

   - TMS is considered a safe and well-tolerated treatment option for depression, with minimal side effects compared to other interventions like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

   - Common side effects of TMS may include mild headache, scalp discomfort, or muscle twitching during stimulation.

 

In summary, TMS is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has shown promise as a treatment option for depression, particularly in cases where traditional therapies have been ineffective. By targeting specific brain regions involved in mood regulation, TMS can help alleviate depressive symptoms and improve overall well-being in some individuals.

Categories:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Review Settings of EEG

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The review settings of an EEG recording refer to the parameters that can be adjusted to optimize the visualization and interpretation of electrical brain activity. Here is an overview of the key review settings in EEG analysis: 1.       Amplification (Gain/Sensitivity) : o Definition : Amplification, also known as gain or sensitivity, determines how much the electrical signals from the brain are amplified before being displayed on the EEG recording. o Measurement : Typically measured in microvolts per millimeter (μV/mm). o Impact : Adjusting the amplification setting can affect the visibility of high-amplitude and low-amplitude activity. High-amplitude activity may require vertical compression to fit within the display range, while low-amplitude activity may require lower sensitivity settings for better visualization. 2.      Frequency Filtering : o Bandpass : The frequency range within which EEG signals are analyzed. Common settings include ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Cancellous Bone

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Cancellous bone, also known as trabecular or spongy bone, is the other main type of bone tissue found in the human skeleton alongside cortical bone. Cancellous bone has a porous and lattice-like structure, providing flexibility, shock absorption, and a site for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation). Here are key features and characteristics of cancellous bone: 1.     Structure : o     Trabeculae : Cancellous bone is composed of a network of thin, bony trabeculae that form an interconnected lattice structure. o     Bone Marrow : The spaces between trabeculae contain red bone marrow, which is involved in the production of blood cells (hematopoiesis). o     Less Compact : Cancellous bone is less dense and compact than cortical bone, with a higher surface area-to-volume ratio. 2.     Composition : o     Trabecular Bone : The trabeculae are made up of lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi similar to corti...
Post a Comment
Read more

Anatomical Classification of Bones

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Bones in the human body can be classified into five main anatomical categories based on their shape and structure. These classifications provide insights into the functions and characteristics of different bone types. Here are the five anatomical classifications of bones: 1.     Long Bones : o     Description : Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape, with a shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses). o     Examples : Femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula. o     Function : Long bones provide support, leverage, and mobility. They are essential for body movement and weight-bearing activities. 2.     Short Bones : o     Description : Short bones are roughly cube-shaped or have a similar length and width, providing stability and support. o     Examples : Carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones). o     Function : Short bones contribute to we...
Post a Comment
Read more

Composition of Bone Tissue

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Bone tissue is a complex and dynamic connective tissue composed of various components that contribute to its structure, strength, and functionality. The composition of bone tissue includes: 1.     Cells : o     Osteoblasts : Bone-forming cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing the organic matrix of bone. o     Osteocytes : Mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix, involved in maintaining bone tissue and responding to mechanical stimuli. o     Osteoclasts : Bone-resorbing cells responsible for breaking down and remodeling bone tissue. 2.     Organic Matrix : o     Collagen Fibers : Type I collagen is the predominant protein in the organic matrix of bone, providing flexibility, tensile strength, and resilience to bone tissue. o     Non-Collagenous Proteins : Include osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osteonectin, which play roles in mineralization, cell adhesion, and matrix o...
Post a Comment
Read more

Elements Selection Techniques

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Element selection techniques play a crucial role in determining how individual elements or units are chosen from the population to form a sample. Here are some common element selection techniques used in sampling: 1.     Unrestricted Sampling : §   In unrestricted sampling, each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. This approach is commonly used in simple random sampling, where every element is selected independently of other elements. 2.     Restricted Sampling : §   Restricted sampling involves imposing certain restrictions or conditions on the selection of sample elements. This can include stratification, clustering, or other criteria that guide the selection process. Restricted sampling techniques include: §   Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into homogeneous subgroups (strata), and samples are selected from each stratum to ensure representation of different characteristics. § ...
Post a Comment
Read more