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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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What role do 'real' scientists and their scientific ideas such as uncertainty and complementarity play in the play?

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

 


In Michael Frayn's play "Copenhagen," 'real' scientists and their scientific ideas, such as uncertainty and complementarity, play a central role in shaping the narrative and thematic depth of the story. The characters of Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, based on the actual historical figures, are portrayed not just as scientists but as complex individuals grappling with profound scientific concepts and personal dilemmas.

1. **Uncertainty**: The concept of uncertainty, famously formulated by Heisenberg in his Uncertainty Principle, is a recurring theme in the play. Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which states that the more precisely the position of a particle is known, the less precisely its momentum can be known, serves as a metaphor for the uncertainties and ambiguities in human relationships and moral decisions. The characters' interactions are fraught with uncertainty, mirroring the quantum indeterminacy at the heart of Heisenberg's principle.

2. **Complementarity**: Another key scientific idea explored in the play is complementarity, a concept developed by Bohr to explain the dual nature of light as both particles and waves. In the context of the play, complementarity symbolizes the interconnectedness of opposing perspectives and the coexistence of conflicting truths. Bohr and Heisenberg's differing viewpoints and interpretations of their past actions reflect the notion of complementarity, highlighting the complexity of human nature and the multifaceted nature of truth.

By incorporating these scientific ideas and the personas of real-life scientists into the fabric of the play, Frayn not only adds intellectual depth but also explores profound philosophical questions about knowledge, perception, and the limitations of human understanding. The characters' engagement with uncertainty and complementarity serves as a lens through which broader themes of morality, responsibility, and the nature of reality are examined, enriching the narrative with layers of complexity and intrigue.

 

Frayn, M. (2000). Copenhagen.


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