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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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How does Michael Frayn's Copenhagen portray the meeting between Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg in 1941?

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

 


In Michael Frayn's play "Copenhagen," the meeting between Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg in 1941 is portrayed as a pivotal and tense encounter. The play delves into the complex relationship between these two renowned physicists, who were once colleagues and friends but found themselves on opposite sides during World War II.

The meeting takes place in Nazi-occupied Copenhagen, were Heisenberg, working for Hitler's war effort, visits Bohr under Gestapo surveillance. The play captures the intense dialogue and emotional dynamics between the characters as they grapple with personal and ethical dilemmas. The tension escalates as Bohr becomes angry and their friendship ultimately dissolves, reflecting the larger historical context of scientific collaboration and moral responsibility during wartime.

Frayn's portrayal of the meeting goes beyond a simple historical reenactment; it delves into the characters' inner thoughts, memories, and conflicting perspectives. The play explores themes of uncertainty, memory, and the blurred boundaries between reality and fiction, inviting the audience to contemplate the complexities of human relationships and moral choices in times of crisis.

Overall, "Copenhagen" offers a nuanced and thought-provoking depiction of the meeting between Bohr and Heisenberg, highlighting the ethical and philosophical implications of their encounter within the context of wartime politics and scientific responsibility.

 

Frayn, M. (2000). Copenhagen.


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