Mashtishk Vigyan Anusandhan

Anticipatory Postural Adjustments (APAs) are preparatory muscle activities that occur before the initiation of voluntary movements to maintain postural stability and ensure effective execution of the intended movement. Here is a detailed explanation of Anticipatory Postural Adjustments: 1.   Definition : APAs are a series of coordinated muscle contractions that occur in advance of a planned movement to stabilize the body and prepare the postural system for the upcoming action. These adjustments are essential for maintaining balance, preventing falls, and optimizing the efficiency of voluntary movements. 2.    Timing : APAs typically precede the onset of voluntary movements and are initiated in anticipation of the intended action. The timing and magnitude of APAs are finely tuned to the characteristics of the upcoming movement, such as its direction, velocity, and force requirements. By activating specific muscle groups in advance, APAs help counteract destabilizing forces and ensure a

The Active Motor Threshold (AMT) is a critical parameter in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) studies that plays a significant role in assessing cortical excitability and determining the appropriate stimulation intensity for inducing Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) in a target muscle. Here is a detailed explanation of the Active Motor Threshold: 1.   Definition : The AMT is defined as the minimum intensity of magnetic stimulation required to elicit small MEPs (typically above 50 μV) in a specific muscle that is voluntarily contracted during the TMS procedure. This threshold is determined individually for each subject and is essential for adjusting the stimulation intensity to effectively activate the motor cortex. 2.    Measurement : The AMT is typically determined by gradually increasing the stimulation intensity until MEPs of the desired amplitude are consistently observed in at least half of the stimulation trials. This process helps researchers or clinicians identify the l

In the International 10-10 System, electrode location names are standardized to provide a consistent method for electrode placement in EEG recordings. Here are the electrode location names according to the International 10-10 System: 1.       Fp1, Fp2 : Frontopolar (Prefrontal) 2.      F3, F4 : Frontal 3.      C3, C4 : Central 4.     P3, P4 : Parietal 5.      O1, O2 : Occipital 6.     F7, F8 : Frontal 7.      T3, T4 : Temporal 8.     T5, T6 : Temporal 9.     Fz : Midline Frontal 10.   Cz : Midline Central 11.   Pz : Midline Parietal The International 10-10 System provides a more detailed and standardized approach to electrode naming compared to the 10-20 System, allowing for precise electrode placement and accurate recording of EEG activity from specific brain regions. International 10-10 System Rules The International 10-10 System is an extension of the 10-20 System that provides more detailed electrode placement guidelines for EEG recordings. Here are some key rules of the Internatio

Electrode placement in EEG recordings follows standardized head measurements to ensure consistency and accuracy in electrode positioning. The process involves specific landmarks on the head and precise measurements along the sagittal and coronal midlines. Here is an overview of electrode placement according to standardized head measurements: 1.       Landmarks : o Nasion : The nasion is the depression between the forehead and the bridge of the nose. o Inion : The inion is the bump at the back of the head where the skull meets the neck. o Preauricular Points : These points are located above the ears where the ear meets the head. 2.      Sagittal and Coronal Midlines : o     The sagittal midline is defined by the nasion and inion. o     The coronal midline is defined by the preauricular points. 3.      Incremental Measurements : o     Measurements are taken along the sagittal and coronal midlines in increments of 10% and 20%. o   Additional lines are defined based on these increments to

The International 10-20 System is a standardized method for electrode placement in EEG recordings. The system is based on specific rules for positioning electrodes on the scalp relative to anatomical landmarks. Here are some key rules of the International 10-20 System: 1. Measurement Method : Electrode placement is determined by measuring distances between specific landmarks on the head. The nasion (bridge of the nose) and inion (bump at the back of the head) define the sagittal midline, while the preauricular points (above the ears) define the coronal midline. 2. Incremental Measurements : Electrodes are positioned at specific percentages along the sagittal and coronal midlines. The 10-20 System uses 10% and 20% increments along these lines to determine electrode locations. 3. Letter Prefix and Number Suffix : Electrode locations are named using a letter prefix indicating the region of the head (e.g., F for frontal, C for central) and a number suffix indicating the exact location with