Over the past decade, robotic neurorehabilitation has become one of the most discussed innovations in neurological recovery. Robotic gait trainers, upper-limb rehabilitation systems, exoskeletons, and AI-assisted rehabilitation devices are increasingly being adopted by hospitals and rehabilitation centres worldwide. However, an important question remains: Are robots the future of neurorehabilitation—or are they simply another tool in the rehabilitation toolbox? As clinicians and researchers, we must move beyond marketing claims and focus on scientific evidence, patient selection, and clinical reasoning. What is Robotic Neurorehabilitation? Robotic neurorehabilitation involves the use of electromechanical devices that assist, guide, resist, or augment movement during therapy. These technologies include: • Robotic gait trainers • Wearable exoskeletons • Upper limb robotic rehabilitation devices • End-effector robotic systems • Sensor-based rehabilitation platforms • AI-assiste...
Rapid Eye
Movements (REMs) of REM sleep can produce specific artifacts in EEG recordings.
1. Nature of REM Artifacts:
o REM artifacts are
associated with the rapid eye movements that occur during REM sleep.
o These artifacts
have a waveform that differs from lateral gaze artifacts during wakefulness due
to the specific movement features of REMs.
2. Characteristics:
o REM artifacts
appear as waves with an asymmetrically quicker rise than fall, similar to the
REM eye movement pattern.
o The location of
REM artifacts is typically the same as other artifacts produced by lateral
gaze, with specific electrode involvement.
3. Differentiation:
o Specific movement
features of REMs, such as the waveform characteristics, help differentiate REM
artifacts from other ocular artifacts and EEG patterns.
o Understanding the
unique features of REM artifacts is crucial for accurate interpretation and
differentiation from pathological brain activity or other types of artifacts in
EEG recordings.
Recognizing the
distinct characteristics of REM artifacts and their association with REM sleep
can aid in accurate EEG interpretation and the identification of normal
physiological patterns during sleep stages.
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