Over the past decade, robotic neurorehabilitation has become one of the most discussed innovations in neurological recovery. Robotic gait trainers, upper-limb rehabilitation systems, exoskeletons, and AI-assisted rehabilitation devices are increasingly being adopted by hospitals and rehabilitation centres worldwide. However, an important question remains: Are robots the future of neurorehabilitation—or are they simply another tool in the rehabilitation toolbox? As clinicians and researchers, we must move beyond marketing claims and focus on scientific evidence, patient selection, and clinical reasoning. What is Robotic Neurorehabilitation? Robotic neurorehabilitation involves the use of electromechanical devices that assist, guide, resist, or augment movement during therapy. These technologies include: • Robotic gait trainers • Wearable exoskeletons • Upper limb robotic rehabilitation devices • End-effector robotic systems • Sensor-based rehabilitation platforms • AI-assiste...
Ocular artifacts
in EEG recordings can manifest in various forms, each associated with specific
eye movements or activities.
Blink Artifact:
o Description: Produced by
rapid eye movements associated with blinking.
o Characteristics: Appears as a
bifrontal, diphasic, synchronous slow wave limited to the frontal region. The
waveform is related to the rate and duration of eye movement.
o Identification: The artifact
decreases in amplitude with distance from the orbits and does not extend into
the central region.
2. Eye Flutter
Artifact:
o Description: Result of rapid
eyelid flutter.
o Characteristics: Typically seen
in the alpha frequency range and limited to the anterior frontal region. May
not always be time-locked to stimulation.
o Differentiation: Waveform
differences help distinguish it from 3 Hz epileptiform activity.
3. Lateral Gaze
Artifact:
o Description: Occurs during
lateral eye movements.
o Characteristics: Includes
positive and negative phase reversals at specific electrodes corresponding to
the direction of gaze. Has a field that is maximum across the temples and
frontal poles.
o Identification: Most apparent
during drowsiness and produces rhythmic, slow artifact with a frequency less
than 1 Hz.
4. Rapid Eye
Movements (REMs) of REM Sleep:
o Description: Associated with
lateral gaze movements during REM sleep.
o Characteristics: Waveform
differs from lateral gaze during wakefulness, showing asymmetrically quicker
rise than fall. Location is similar to other artifacts from lateral gaze.
o Differentiation: Specific
movement features distinguish REM artifact from other ocular artifacts.
5. Electroretinogram
Artifact:
o Description: Produced by
photic stimulation and time-locked to the strobe.
o Characteristics: Monomorphic
waveform limited to specific frontal electrodes. Distinguished from
photomyogenic artifact by waveform and field characteristics.
o Identification: Covering an eye
during stimulation can help diminish the artifact from the ipsilateral frontal
polar electrode.
These types of
ocular artifacts demonstrate the diverse ways in which eye movements and
activities can influence EEG recordings. Understanding their characteristics
and distinguishing features is crucial for accurate interpretation and
differentiation from other EEG patterns.
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