Over the past decade, robotic neurorehabilitation has become one of the most discussed innovations in neurological recovery. Robotic gait trainers, upper-limb rehabilitation systems, exoskeletons, and AI-assisted rehabilitation devices are increasingly being adopted by hospitals and rehabilitation centres worldwide. However, an important question remains: Are robots the future of neurorehabilitation—or are they simply another tool in the rehabilitation toolbox? As clinicians and researchers, we must move beyond marketing claims and focus on scientific evidence, patient selection, and clinical reasoning. What is Robotic Neurorehabilitation? Robotic neurorehabilitation involves the use of electromechanical devices that assist, guide, resist, or augment movement during therapy. These technologies include: • Robotic gait trainers • Wearable exoskeletons • Upper limb robotic rehabilitation devices • End-effector robotic systems • Sensor-based rehabilitation platforms • AI-assiste...
What are the typical frequency ranges for low and high stimulation frequencies that may produce photomyogenic artifacts?
Photomyogenic
artifacts in EEG recordings can be influenced by the frequency of photic
stimulation. The typical frequency ranges for low and high stimulation
frequencies that may produce these artifacts are as follows:
1. Low Stimulation
Frequencies:
o Low stimulation
frequencies are generally considered to be below 6 Hz. At these frequencies,
photomyogenic artifacts tend to resemble other EMG potentials more closely. The
artifacts produced may not exhibit a well-formed photic driving response, and
the waveforms can appear more irregular and less synchronized with the
stimulus. The muscle contractions may be less pronounced, leading to lower
amplitude artifacts.
2. High Stimulation
Frequencies:
o High stimulation
frequencies are typically above 6 Hz, with common ranges extending up to 30 Hz
or higher. At these higher frequencies, photomyogenic artifacts can appear less
like typical EMG and more similar to the photic driving response. The waveforms
at high frequencies tend to have sharper contours and can show a more rhythmic
pattern that aligns more closely with the frequency of the photic stimulus.
However, they still differ from the photic driving response in terms of their
waveform characteristics and may not always be time-locked to the strobe
stimulation.
In summary, low
stimulation frequencies (below 6 Hz) are associated with more irregular and
less synchronized photomyogenic artifacts, while high stimulation frequencies
(above 6 Hz) can produce artifacts that are sharper and more rhythmic, but
still distinct from true photic driving responses.
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