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Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
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Photomyoclonic Artifacts

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Photomyoclonic artifacts in EEG recordings are a specific type of artifact caused by light-induced muscle contractions, particularly in response to flashing lights during photic stimulation. 

1.     Description:

o Photomyoclonic artifacts are characterized by muscle contractions triggered by visual stimuli, such as flashing lights during photic stimulation, leading to electrical activity that contaminates the EEG signal.

2.   Characteristics:

o    Triggered Response: Photomyoclonic artifacts are elicited by specific visual stimuli, resulting in involuntary muscle movements that generate electrical signals.

o Waveform: These artifacts typically exhibit a spike-like waveform due to the individual motor unit potentials involved in the muscle contractions.

3.   Location:

o Photomyoclonic artifacts are commonly observed over the frontal and periorbital regions bilaterally, reflecting the muscle groups involved in the myoclonic response.

4.   Latency:

o    The onset of photomyoclonic responses typically occurs with a specific latency of around 50 milliseconds from the flash of light, allowing for synchronization with the visual stimulation.

5.    Behavior:

o The extent of photomyoclonic artifacts may expand to include larger regions if the myoclonus involves movements of the neck or body, potentially leading to broader electrode and movement artifacts.

6.   Occurrence:

o    Photomyoclonic artifacts may manifest with eyes opened or closed, although they are more commonly observed with eyes closed. The artifacts cease immediately upon discontinuation of the photic stimulation.

7.    Clinical Relevance:

o Recognizing and distinguishing photomyoclonic artifacts from genuine EEG activity is essential for accurate interpretation of EEG recordings and clinical assessments.

o    Failure to identify and address photomyoclonic artifacts can result in misinterpretation of EEG findings and potentially incorrect clinical decisions.

8.   Artifact Mitigation:

o Strategies to mitigate photomyoclonic artifacts include adjusting the parameters of photic stimulation, minimizing muscle movements during EEG recordings, and employing signal processing techniques to reduce artifact contamination.

Understanding the characteristics and impact of photomyoclonic artifacts is crucial for EEG practitioners to ensure the reliability and accuracy of EEG interpretations for clinical diagnosis and treatment planning. Proper identification and management of these artifacts contribute to obtaining high-quality EEG data essential for effective patient care.

 

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