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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Polymorphic Delta Activity

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Polymorphic delta activity (PDA) is a specific EEG pattern characterized by the presence of slow delta waves of varying durations and amplitudes, resulting in an arrhythmic pattern due to the differences among the individual waves. 

1.     Definition:

o Polymorphic delta activity arises from the combination of individual delta waves with differing durations and amplitudes, leading to an irregular and non-rhythmic EEG pattern.

o  This pattern is characterized by the presence of slow delta waves that do not follow a consistent rhythm, unlike rhythmic delta activity seen in other EEG patterns.

2.   Normal vs. Abnormal PDA:

o PDA can be either normal or abnormal, depending on its features and context.

o Normal PDA is symmetric in frequency, distribution, and amplitude, and may show an increase in frequency with alerting stimuli.

o Abnormal PDA may exhibit consistent asymmetric features, lack frequency increase with stimulation, or show superimposed faster frequencies, indicating potential underlying pathology.

3.   Clinical Significance:

o Abnormal PDA, especially when asymmetric or showing other abnormal features, can be associated with focal brain disturbances or lesions.

o Focal PDA, characterized by minimal superimposed faster frequencies, may indicate a focal lesion in the white matter deep to the EEG region with maximal PDA.

4.   Sleep Patterns:

o Normal PDA is a characteristic finding of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and may be present during the transition to deeper sleep stages.

o The presence of PDA during sleep stages, such as slow-wave sleep (NREM stage 3), is a normal physiological phenomenon.

5.    Clinical Assessment:

o Recognizing the features of PDA and distinguishing between normal and abnormal patterns is essential in EEG interpretation.

o PDA morphology alone may not always distinguish between focal and diffuse brain disturbances, highlighting the importance of considering clinical context and additional findings.

6.   Persistence and Variants:

o PDA of sleep typically disappears with alerting stimuli and is not persistently present in full wakefulness.

o Specific delta-wave patterns, such as posterior slow waves of youth (PSWY) and cone waves, may also be observed in wakefulness as variants of delta activity.

Understanding the characteristics and significance of polymorphic delta activity in EEG recordings is crucial for accurate interpretation and assessment of brain function. Recognizing the normal and abnormal features of PDA can aid in identifying potential focal lesions or abnormalities in brain activity, particularly in the context of sleep patterns and neurological assessments.

 

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