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Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
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Neuronal Precursor Proliferation Is Enhanced by Cannabinoids Via CB1/AKT/GSK- 3BETA/BETA-Catenin Signaling

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

The proliferation of neuronal precursors is enhanced by cannabinoids through a signaling pathway involving CB1 receptors, AKT, GSK-3beta, and beta-catenin. Here is a breakdown of the key points related to this mechanism:

1.      Cannabinoids and Neuronal Precursor Proliferation:

o Cannabinoids, including endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids, have been shown to promote the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells in the brain.

o   This effect of cannabinoids on neuronal precursor proliferation is of interest for potential therapeutic applications in neuroregeneration and brain repair.

2.     CB1 Receptors:

o   Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is abundantly expressed in the brain, including regions involved in neurogenesis.

o  Activation of CB1 receptors by cannabinoids initiates intracellular signaling cascades that regulate various cellular processes, including neuronal precursor proliferation.

3.     AKT Signaling Pathway:

o  AKT, also known as protein kinase B, is a key signaling molecule involved in cell survival, proliferation, and growth.

o    Activation of CB1 receptors by cannabinoids can stimulate the AKT signaling pathway, leading to the activation of downstream effectors that promote neuronal precursor proliferation.

4.    GSK-3beta and Beta-Catenin:

o   Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates various cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation.

o  In the context of neuronal precursor proliferation, GSK-3beta is known to phosphorylate beta-catenin, a transcriptional co-activator involved in cell proliferation and survival.

o   Activation of AKT by CB1 receptor signaling can inhibit GSK-3beta activity, leading to the stabilization and accumulation of beta-catenin in the nucleus.

5.     CB1/AKT/GSK-3beta/Beta-Catenin Signaling:

o The CB1/AKT/GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway represents a mechanism through which cannabinoids enhance the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells.

o  Activation of CB1 receptors by cannabinoids triggers a cascade of events that ultimately result in the activation of AKT, inhibition of GSK-3beta, and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin, promoting cell proliferation.

6.    Therapeutic Implications:

o  Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabinoids on neuronal precursor proliferation can inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies for promoting neurogenesis and brain repair in various neurological conditions.

o  Targeting the CB1/AKT/GSK-3beta/beta-catenin pathway may offer potential therapeutic opportunities for enhancing neuroregeneration and functional recovery in the brain.

In summary, cannabinoids enhance neuronal precursor proliferation through the CB1/AKT/GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway, highlighting the potential of cannabinoid-based therapies for promoting neurogenesis and brain repair.

 

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