Skip to main content

Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
Post a Comment

Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS)

Image
Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) is a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) that has gained attention in neuroscience and clinical research for its ability to modulate cortical excitability and induce lasting effects on brain function. Here is an overview of Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS):


1.      Definition:

oTheta Burst Stimulation (TBS) is a patterned form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) that involves delivering bursts of magnetic pulses at a specific frequency (typically theta frequency, around 5 Hz) to targeted regions of the brain.

2.     Types of TBS:

o    There are two main types of Theta Burst Stimulation:

§ Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation (cTBS): Involves continuous bursts of stimulation over a period of time, typically leading to inhibitory effects on cortical excitability.

§Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (iTBS): Involves intermittent bursts of stimulation with short breaks in between, often resulting in facilitatory effects on cortical excitability.

3.     Effects on Cortical Excitability:

oTBS protocols have been shown to induce changes in cortical excitability that outlast the stimulation period. Inhibitory TBS can lead to long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic activity, while facilitatory TBS can induce long-term potentiation (LTP), resembling mechanisms of synaptic plasticity.

4.    Research and Therapeutic Applications:

oTBS has been widely used in research settings to investigate neural plasticity, motor learning, and cognitive functions. It is also being explored as a potential therapeutic tool for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

5.     Clinical Applications:

oTBS has shown promise in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, chronic pain, stroke rehabilitation, and movement disorders like Parkinson's disease. It is being studied as a non-invasive neuromodulation technique with potential therapeutic benefits.

6.    Targeted Brain Regions:

oTBS can be applied to specific brain regions based on the research or clinical objectives. Common targets include the primary motor cortex (M1), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), cerebellum, and other areas implicated in motor control, mood regulation, and cognitive functions.

7.     Safety and Efficacy:

oTBS is generally considered safe when administered by trained professionals following established protocols. It is non-invasive and well-tolerated by most individuals. However, individual responses to TBS may vary, and its long-term effects are still being studied.

In summary, Theta Burst Stimulation (TBS) is a specialized form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation that can modulate cortical excitability and induce lasting changes in brain function. Its potential applications in research and clinical settings make it a valuable tool for studying neural plasticity and exploring therapeutic interventions for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.

 

Categories:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Cell Maturation (Dendrite and Axon Growth)

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Cell maturation, encompassing dendrite and axon growth, is a crucial stage of brain development where neurons undergo structural changes to establish connections and form functional neural circuits. Here is an overview of cell maturation in the context of dendrite and axon growth: 1.      Dendrite Growth : o     Definition : Dendrites are branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit these signals to the cell body. o     Dendritic Arborization : During maturation, neurons extend and elaborate their dendritic arbors, increasing the surface area available for synaptic connections. o     Synaptic Integration : Dendritic growth is essential for forming synapses with other neurons, allowing for the integration of incoming signals and information processing. o     Activity-Dependent Plasticity : Dendritic growth can be influenced by neural activity and sensory experiences, sh...
Post a Comment
Read more

Distinguishing Features of Electrode Artifacts

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Electrode artifacts in EEG recordings can present with distinct features that differentiate them from genuine brain activity.  1.      Types of Electrode Artifacts : o Variety : Electrode artifacts encompass several types, including electrode pop, electrode contact, electrode/lead movement, perspiration artifacts, salt bridge artifacts, and movement artifacts. o Characteristics : Each type of electrode artifact exhibits specific waveform patterns and spatial distributions that aid in their identification and differentiation from true EEG signals. 2.    Electrode Pop : o Description : Electrode pop artifacts are characterized by paroxysmal, sharply contoured transients that interrupt the background EEG activity. o Localization : These artifacts typically involve only one electrode and lack a field indicating a gradual decrease in potential amplitude across the scalp. o Waveform : Electrode pop waveforms have a rapid rise and a slower fall compared to in...
Post a Comment
Read more

Amphiarthrodial or Cartilaginous Joints

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Amphiarthrodial joints, also known as cartilaginous joints, are joints where the adjacent bones are connected by cartilage. These joints allow for limited movement and provide both stability and flexibility to the skeletal system. Here is an overview of amphiarthrodial or cartilaginous joints: Amphiarthrodial or Cartilaginous Joints: 1.     Structure : o     Cartilage : §   Amphiarthrodial joints are characterized by the presence of cartilage between the articulating surfaces of the bones. §   The cartilage can be hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, depending on the specific joint and its function. o     Lack of Joint Cavity : §   Similar to fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints do not have a synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by the cartilaginous tissue. 2.     Types : o     Synchondroses : §   Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints where the connecting material is hyaline carti...
Post a Comment
Read more

Translocation, Retention and Potential Neurological Lesion in The Brain and Following Nanoparticle Exposure

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Translocation, retention, and potential neurological lesions in the brain following nanoparticle exposure are important considerations in nanotoxicology and neurotoxicology research. Here are some key points regarding the impact of nanoparticle exposure on the brain: 1.       Translocation to the Brain : o Nanoparticles can enter the brain through various routes, including systemic circulation, olfactory nerve pathways, and disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. o Factors such as nanoparticle size, surface properties, shape, and surface modifications influence their ability to cross biological barriers and reach the brain parenchyma. 2.      Retention in the Brain : o Once nanoparticles translocate to the brain, they may exhibit different retention times depending on their physicochemical properties and interactions with brain cells. o Nanoparticles can accumulate in specific brain regions, such as the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and...
Post a Comment
Read more

Beta Activity compared to Muscles Artifacts

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Beta activity in EEG recordings can sometimes be confused with muscle artifacts due to their overlapping frequency components. Frequency Components : o   Muscle artifacts often have frequency components of 25 Hz and greater, which can overlap with the frequency range of beta activity. o   Beta activity in EEG recordings typically falls within the beta frequency range of 13-30 Hz, with variations based on specific brain states and cognitive processes. 2.      Waveform Characteristics : o   Electromyographic (EMG) artifacts, which represent muscle activity, have distinct waveform characteristics that can help differentiate them from beta activity. o   EMG artifacts may exhibit a sharper contour with less rhythmicity, especially when the high-frequency filter is set at 70 Hz or higher, compared to the smoother contour and rhythmicity of beta activity. 3.      High-Frequency Filter Settings : o   Adjusting the high-frequency f...
Post a Comment
Read more