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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Distinguishing Features of Periodic Epileptiform Discharges

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Periodic Epileptiform Discharges (PEDs) are a specific type of EEG pattern that exhibit distinct features. 

Distinguishing Features of Periodic Epileptiform Discharges (PEDs):

1.      Waveform Characteristics:

§  PEDs are typically triphasic in morphology, consisting of a sharply contoured wave followed by a slow wave. This triphasic pattern is a hallmark of PEDs, making them morphologically similar to interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and the triphasic pattern seen in metabolic encephalopathies.

2.     Frequency and Recurrence:

§  PEDs are characterized by a stereotyped recurrence, meaning that the discharges occur at regular intervals. The recurrence frequency typically falls within the range of one transient every 0.5 to 4 seconds, with a common interval of at least every 2 seconds.

3.     Focality:

§  While PEDs can be bilateral, they often exhibit a focal nature, indicating that they may originate from a specific area of the brain. The term "Periodic Lateralized Epileptiform Discharges" (PLEDs) is used when the discharges are lateralized to one hemisphere.

4.    Inter-discharge Activity:

§  Between the discharges, the background activity is usually low-amplitude slowing. This low-amplitude activity is a key feature that helps differentiate PEDs from other patterns.

5.     Clinical Context:

§  PEDs are often associated with significant neurological conditions, including:

§  Encephalopathy

§  Focal brain lesions

§  Non-convulsive status epilepticus

§  Their presence can indicate a higher likelihood of seizures and may warrant further clinical evaluation and management.

6.    Variability:

§  Although PEDs are characterized by a stereotyped appearance, there can be some variability in the waveform across recurrences. This variability can manifest as differences in the number of phases (e.g., monophasic, diphasic, or triphasic) and slight variations in amplitude.

7.     Differentiation from Other Patterns:

§  PEDs should be differentiated from other EEG patterns such as:

§  Generalized periodic discharges, which are more diffuse and not localized.

§  SIRPIDs, which are specifically triggered by stimuli and may not have the same regularity or morphology as PEDs.

Summary:

Periodic Epileptiform Discharges (PEDs) are characterized by their triphasic waveform, regular recurrence, focality, and low-amplitude background activity. They are clinically significant and often associated with severe neurological conditions, making their identification crucial for appropriate management.

 

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