When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
The triphasic pattern in encephalopathy is commonly associated with several underlying conditions.
1.
Hepatic Encephalopathy: This is
the classic and most common clinical correlate of the triphasic pattern, often
resulting from liver dysfunction leading to metabolic disturbances,
particularly hyperammonemia.
2.
Metabolic Disturbances: Other
metabolic conditions that can lead to the triphasic pattern include renal
insufficiency, intoxication (from substances like lithium, baclofen, and
levodopa), hypoxia, and abnormalities in serum sodium and calcium
concentrations.
3.
Infections and Inflammatory Conditions:
Conditions such as sepsis, meningitis, and cerebral vasculitis can also produce
a triphasic pattern 1.
4. Neoplastic and Degenerative Conditions:
Cerebral carcinomatosis and autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune
thyroiditis, have been reported to show this pattern as well.
5.
Other Neurological Conditions:
Triphasic waves can occur in various other conditions, including Alzheimer’s
disease, brainstem infarction, diencephalic masses, and subdural
hematomas.
Overall,
while the triphasic pattern can be seen in a range of conditions, it is most
frequently associated with significant metabolic disturbances, particularly
those affecting liver function.
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