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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Phantom Spike and Wave compared to 14 & 6 Positive Bursts

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Phantom Spike and Wave (PhSW) and 14 & 6 Positive Bursts are both EEG patterns that can appear similar but have distinct characteristics and clinical implications. 

Phantom Spike and Wave (PhSW)

    • Definition: PhSW is characterized by bursts of spike and wave complexes that are often low in amplitude and can be difficult to identify due to the subtlety of the spikes.
    • Frequency: Typically occurs at a frequency of about 5 to 7 Hz, but can sometimes be observed at 4 Hz, which overlaps with generalized interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs).
    • Amplitude: The spikes are usually small, often less than 40 μV, and the slow wave typically has an amplitude of less than 50 μV.
    • Location: PhSW is often maximal along the midline and can be recorded from frontal or occipital regions, depending on the specific type (WHAM or FOLD).
    • Clinical Significance: PhSW is commonly considered a normal variant but is associated with an increased prevalence of epilepsy in some patients. It may occur in the context of non-specific symptoms like headache or dizziness.

14 & 6 Positive Bursts

    • Definition: This pattern consists of bilaterally synchronous bursts of 14 and 6 Hz activity, which can appear similar to PhSW but is distinct in its characteristics.
    • Frequency: The 14 & 6 Positive Bursts occur at a frequency of 6 Hz, which is a key distinguishing feature from PhSW 30.
    • Amplitude: The amplitude of the bursts can vary, but they are generally more pronounced than the low-amplitude spikes seen in PhSW.
    • Location: This pattern typically occurs bilaterally and synchronously, often in the frontal regions, and can be confused with PhSW due to the similar frequency.
    • Clinical Significance: The 14 & 6 Positive Bursts are often associated with benign conditions and are typically not indicative of epilepsy. They may be seen in healthy individuals or in the context of certain benign neurological conditions.

Key Differences

Feature

Phantom Spike and Wave (PhSW)

14 & 6 Positive Bursts

Frequency

5 to 7 Hz (sometimes 4 Hz)

6 Hz

Amplitude

Low amplitude (often < 40 μV)

Generally more pronounced

Location

Maximal along the midline, frontal or occipital

Typically bilateral and synchronous, often frontal

Clinical Significance

May indicate increased prevalence of epilepsy; often a normal variant

Generally benign; not typically associated with epilepsy

 

Summary

While both Phantom Spike and Wave and 14 & 6 Positive Bursts can appear similar on EEG, they differ significantly in frequency, amplitude, and clinical implications. Understanding these differences is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of patients presenting with these EEG patterns.


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