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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Periodic Epileptiform Discharges in Different Neurological Conditions

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Periodic Epileptiform Discharges (PEDs) can manifest in various neurological conditions, each with distinct clinical implications and underlying pathophysiology. 

Periodic Epileptiform Discharges in Different Neurological Conditions:

1.      Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE):

§  SSPE is a progressive neurological disorder that can occur following a measles infection. PEDs in SSPE are characterized by high amplitude, long duration, and long interdischarge intervals. The presence of BiPEDs is particularly common in this condition and is associated with significant cognitive decline and myoclonic jerks.

2.     Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD):

§  CJD is a prion disease that leads to rapid neurodegeneration. PEDs can be observed in CJD, often alongside other abnormal EEG patterns. The presence of PEDs in this context may indicate severe cerebral dysfunction and is associated with a poor prognosis.

3.     Encephalopathy:

§  Various forms of encephalopathy, including metabolic, toxic, and infectious encephalopathies, can present with PEDs. In these cases, PEDs reflect diffuse cerebral dysfunction and may indicate the severity of the underlying condition. The EEG findings can guide the diagnosis and management of the encephalopathy.

4.    Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy:

§  In patients who have experienced significant hypoxic-ischemic events, such as cardiac arrest, PEDs may appear as a sign of brain injury. The presence of PEDs in this context can indicate a poor neurological outcome and may necessitate aggressive management.

5.     Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP):

§  TTP is a rare blood disorder that can lead to neurological complications. PEDs may be observed in patients with TTP, reflecting the impact of microangiopathic changes on cerebral function. The EEG findings can help in monitoring the neurological status of these patients.

6.    Toxic Metabolic Disorders:

§  Conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy, uremic encephalopathy, and drug intoxication can lead to the appearance of PEDs. In these cases, PEDs may indicate a reversible state of brain dysfunction, and their resolution can signify improvement following treatment of the underlying metabolic disturbance.

7.     Postictal States:

§  Following seizures, patients may exhibit PEDs as part of a postictal state. This can be particularly relevant in the context of status epilepticus, where ongoing EEG monitoring is crucial to assess for further seizure activity and guide treatment.

Summary:

Periodic Epileptiform Discharges (PEDs) are associated with a variety of neurological conditions, including subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, encephalopathy, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, toxic metabolic disorders, and postictal states. The presence of PEDs can provide valuable insights into the underlying pathology, severity of brain dysfunction, and prognosis, guiding clinical management and treatment strategies.

 

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