Skip to main content

Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
Post a Comment

Triphasic Waves

Image
Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Triphasic waves are a specific pattern observed in electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, characterized by their distinct three-phase morphology. 

Characteristics of Triphasic Waves:

1.      Waveform:

o    Triphasic waves consist of three distinct phases: an initial sharp component followed by a slower wave and then a return to baseline. This morphology gives them a characteristic appearance on EEG.

2.     Duration:

o    The total duration of triphasic waves typically ranges from 100 to 300 milliseconds, although this can vary depending on the underlying condition.

3.     Distribution:

o    Triphasic waves are often seen in a generalized distribution across the scalp, but they can also have a more focal appearance depending on the patient's condition.

4.    Inter-discharge Interval:

o    The intervals between triphasic waves can vary, and they may occur in bursts or as isolated events.

Clinical Significance:

1.      Associated Conditions:

o    Triphasic waves are most commonly associated with metabolic disturbances, particularly:

§  Hepatic encephalopathy

§  Uremic encephalopathy

§  Other toxic or metabolic encephalopathies

2.     Prognostic Implications:

o    The presence of triphasic waves is often indicative of significant underlying brain dysfunction, particularly related to metabolic derangements. Their identification can suggest a potentially reversible condition, but the prognosis may vary based on the duration and persistence of the waves.

3.     Differential Diagnosis:

o    Triphasic waves should be differentiated from other EEG patterns, such as periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) and generalized periodic discharges (GPDs). While they may share some morphological similarities, their clinical implications and associated conditions differ.

4.    Clinical Context:

o    Triphasic waves are typically observed in patients with altered mental status, particularly those with a history of liver disease or metabolic disorders. Their identification can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and treatment strategies.

Summary:

Triphasic waves are significant EEG findings that indicate metabolic or diffuse cerebral dysfunction, often associated with conditions like hepatic or uremic encephalopathy. Their identification is crucial for understanding the underlying neurological condition and guiding appropriate management.

 

Categories:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Core Concept The relationship between model complexity and dataset size is fundamental in supervised learning, affecting how well a model can learn and generalize. Model complexity refers to the capacity or flexibility of the model to fit a wide variety of functions. Dataset size refers to the number and diversity of training samples available for learning. Key Points 1. Larger Datasets Allow for More Complex Models When your dataset contains more varied data points , you can afford to use more complex models without overfitting. More data points mean more information and variety, enabling the model to learn detailed patterns without fitting noise. Quote from the book: "Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size. It’s important to note that model complexity is intimately tied to the variation of inputs contained in your training dataset: the larger variety of data points your dataset contains, the more complex a model you can use without overfitting....
Post a Comment
Read more

Linear Models

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What are Linear Models? Linear models are a class of models that make predictions using a linear function of the input features. The prediction is computed as a weighted sum of the input features plus a bias term. They have been extensively studied over more than a century and remain widely used due to their simplicity, interpretability, and effectiveness in many scenarios. 2. Mathematical Formulation For regression , the general form of a linear model's prediction is: y^ ​ = w0 ​ x0 ​ + w1 ​ x1 ​ + … + wp ​ xp ​ + b where; y^ ​ is the predicted output, xi ​ is the i-th input feature, wi ​ is the learned weight coefficient for feature xi ​ , b is the intercept (bias term), p is the number of features. In vector form: y^ ​ = wTx + b where w = ( w0 ​ , w1 ​ , ... , wp ​ ) and x = ( x0 ​ , x1 ​ , ... , xp ​ ) . 3. Interpretation and Intuition The prediction is a linear combination of features — each feature contributes prop...
Post a Comment
Read more

Predicting Probabilities

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Predicting Probabilities? The predict_proba method estimates the probability that a given input belongs to each class. It returns values in the range [0, 1] , representing the model's confidence as probabilities. The sum of predicted probabilities across all classes for a sample is always 1 (i.e., they form a valid probability distribution). 2. Output Shape of predict_proba For binary classification , the shape of the output is (n_samples, 2) : Column 0: Probability of the sample belonging to the negative class. Column 1: Probability of the sample belonging to the positive class. For multiclass classification , the shape is (n_samples, n_classes) , with each column corresponding to the probability of the sample belonging to that class. 3. Interpretation of predict_proba Output The probability reflects how confidently the model believes a data point belongs to each class. For example, in ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Kernelized Support Vector Machines

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. Introduction to SVMs Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are supervised learning algorithms primarily used for classification (and regression with SVR). They aim to find the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between classes for linearly separable data. Basic (linear) SVMs operate in the original feature space, producing linear decision boundaries. 2. Limitations of Linear SVMs Linear SVMs have limited flexibility as their decision boundaries are hyperplanes. Many real-world problems require more complex, non-linear decision boundaries that linear SVM cannot provide. 3. Kernel Trick: Overcoming Non-linearity To allow non-linear decision boundaries, SVMs exploit the kernel trick . The kernel trick implicitly maps input data into a higher-dimensional feature space where linear separation might be possible, without explicitly performing the costly mapping . How the Kernel Trick Works: Instead of computing ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Supervised Learning

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
What is Supervised Learning? ·     Definition: Supervised learning involves training a model on a labeled dataset, where the input data (features) are paired with the correct output (labels). The model learns to map inputs to outputs and can predict labels for unseen input data. ·     Goal: To learn a function that generalizes well from training data to accurately predict labels for new data. ·          Types: ·          Classification: Predicting categorical labels (e.g., classifying iris flowers into species). ·          Regression: Predicting continuous values (e.g., predicting house prices). Key Concepts: ·     Generalization: The ability of a model to perform well on previously unseen data, not just the training data. ·         Overfitting and Underfitting: ·    ...
Post a Comment
Read more