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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Types of Photic Stimulation Responses

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Photic Stimulation Responses (PSR) can be categorized into several types based on their characteristics and clinical significance. 

1.      Photic Driving Response:

§  This is a normal response characterized by a series of sharply contoured, positive, monophasic transients that occur at the frequency of the light stimulation. For example, a 10 Hz stimulation may elicit a 10 Hz driving response in the EEG. The response typically reflects the brain's ability to synchronize with the external visual stimulus.

2.     Photoparoxysmal Response:

§  This response is associated with epilepsy and is characterized by the occurrence of epileptiform discharges during photic stimulation. Photoparoxysmal responses often manifest as spikes or spike-and-wave complexes that do not occur at the same frequency as the stimulation. They may continue after the cessation of stimulation and are more likely to occur in individuals with a predisposition to seizures.

3.     Photic Myogenic Response:

§  This type of response is related to muscle activity and can occur during photic stimulation. It may present as movement artifacts in the EEG, particularly if the patient exhibits myoclonus or other involuntary movements in response to the light.

4.    Abnormal Photic Driving Response:

§  An abnormal photic driving response may occur when the response is diminished or absent, particularly in patients with certain neurological conditions. For instance, a photic driving response at a stimulation frequency less than 3 Hz may indicate underlying pathology, such as degenerative encephalopathies.

5.     Asymmetric Photic Response:

§  Asymmetry in the photic driving response can occur and may not necessarily indicate pathology. However, if the asymmetry is significant and not consistent with other EEG features, it may suggest an underlying abnormality, such as a structural lesion in the brain.

6.    Photic Responses in Different Frequencies:

§  The frequency of photic stimulation can influence the type of response observed. For example, stimulation at frequencies greater than 20 Hz has been associated with migraine, while lower frequencies may be linked to other neurological conditions.

Summary

Photic Stimulation Responses encompass a range of patterns that can provide valuable diagnostic information in clinical settings. The main types include the normal photic driving response, the photoparoxysmal response associated with epilepsy, and various abnormal responses that may indicate underlying neurological issues. Understanding these types is crucial for interpreting EEG results accurately and guiding further clinical management.

 

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