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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Psychostimulants

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Psychostimulants are a class of medications that act on the central nervous system to increase alertness, attention, and energy levels. 


1.     Mechanism of Action:

o Psychostimulants primarily work by enhancing the activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine.

o They increase the release and inhibit the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, leading to heightened neural activity and improved cognitive function.

2.   Medical Uses:

oPsychostimulants are commonly prescribed to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in both children and adults.

o They can also be used to manage narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness.

3.   Types of Psychostimulants:

oCommon psychostimulant medications include methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin, Concerta), amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, Vyvanse), and modafinil (Provigil).

oEach type of psychostimulant may have slightly different mechanisms of action and durations of effect.

4.   Effects on Brain Activity:

oPsychostimulants can increase neural activity in areas of the brain responsible for attention, focus, and impulse control.

oThey may modulate brainwave patterns, such as enhancing alpha rhythms or altering beta and theta activity, as observed in EEG recordings.

5.    Side Effects:

oCommon side effects of psychostimulants include insomnia, decreased appetite, increased heart rate, and potential mood changes.

oLong-term use of psychostimulants may lead to tolerance, dependence, and potential abuse, especially in individuals without a medical need for these medications.

6.   Monitoring with EEG:

oEEG monitoring can provide insights into how psychostimulants affect brainwave activity and neural oscillations.

oChanges in EEG patterns, such as alterations in alpha, beta, or theta rhythms, may reflect the pharmacological effects of psychostimulant medications.

7.    Clinical Considerations:

oHealthcare providers prescribing psychostimulants should monitor patients for both therapeutic effects and potential adverse reactions.

oEEG assessments can help clinicians evaluate the impact of psychostimulants on brain function and guide treatment decisions in individuals with ADHD or other conditions.

Understanding the effects of psychostimulants on brain activity, including their influence on EEG patterns, is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and ensuring safe and effective use of these medications in clinical practice. Monitoring EEG changes in individuals receiving psychostimulant therapy can aid in assessing treatment response, identifying potential side effects, and tailoring interventions to meet individual patient needs.

 

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