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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (TDCS)

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that involves applying a low-intensity electrical current to the scalp to modulate brain activity. Here is an overview of tDCS:


1.      Principle:

otDCS works by delivering a constant, low-level electrical current (typically between 1-2 milliamps) through electrodes placed on the scalp.

o The current flows from anode (positive electrode) to cathode (negative electrode), modulating the resting membrane potential of neurons in the underlying brain regions.

2.     Effects:

o Anodal Stimulation: Anodal tDCS is thought to depolarize neurons, increasing their excitability and promoting cortical activity in the targeted brain area.

o Cathodal Stimulation: Cathodal tDCS is believed to hyperpolarize neurons, reducing their excitability and inhibiting cortical activity in the targeted brain region.

3.     Mechanisms of Action:

o The effects of tDCS are thought to be mediated by changes in neuronal membrane potentials, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter release, and network connectivity.

o tDCS can modulate cortical excitability, enhance neuroplasticity, and influence neural circuits involved in various cognitive, motor, and emotional functions.

4.    Applications:

oResearch: tDCS is widely used in neuroscience research to investigate brain-behavior relationships, study cognitive functions, and explore the mechanisms of neuromodulation.

o Clinical: tDCS has shown promise as a therapeutic tool for various neurological and psychiatric conditions, including depression, chronic pain, stroke rehabilitation, and cognitive impairments.

5.     Safety:

o tDCS is considered safe when applied within established parameters and guidelines, with minimal risk of serious adverse effects.

o Common side effects may include mild tingling, itching, or discomfort at the electrode sites, which are typically transient and well-tolerated.

6.    Protocols:

o tDCS protocols involve determining the placement of electrodes based on the target brain region, selecting the polarity (anodal or cathodal), determining the intensity and duration of stimulation, and monitoring the effects of stimulation.

o Montage configurations, electrode sizes, and current densities can be adjusted based on the specific research or clinical objectives.

7.     Future Directions:

oOngoing research is focused on optimizing tDCS parameters, exploring individualized stimulation approaches, investigating combination therapies (e.g., tDCS with cognitive training), and understanding the long-term effects of repeated stimulation.

In summary, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a versatile neuromodulation technique with applications in research and clinical settings, offering a non-invasive way to modulate brain activity, enhance neuroplasticity, and potentially treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.

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