Skip to main content

Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
Post a Comment

Gestational Week 5 Marks the onset of Neurogenesis

Image
Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Gestational week 5 marks a crucial milestone in brain development as it signifies the onset of neurogenesis, the process by which neurons are generated from neural stem cells. Here is an explanation of the significance of gestational week 5 in the context of neurogenesis:


1. Neurogenesis Initiation: Around gestational week 5, progenitor cells in the ventricular zone of the developing brain, particularly radial glial cells, begin to transition from symmetric to asymmetric cell division. This transition marks the initiation of neurogenesis, a fundamental process in brain development where neural stem cells give rise to neurons that will populate the various regions of the brain.


2. Formation of Neocortex: The neocortex, the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres responsible for higher cognitive functions, begins to form during this period. Neurogenesis in the neocortex is a highly regulated process that involves the generation of different neuronal subtypes and the establishment of the layered structure of the cortex. The neocortex plays a critical role in sensory processing, motor control, and cognitive functions in the mature brain.


3. Proliferation and Differentiation: During neurogenesis, neural stem cells undergo divisions that give rise to both neurons and progenitor cells. Asymmetric cell divisions produce neurons that will populate the cortical layers, while symmetric divisions generate more progenitor cells to sustain the pool of neural stem cells. This balance between proliferation and differentiation is essential for generating the diverse array of neuronal types required for proper brain function.


4.     Establishment of Neural Circuitry: The neurons generated during neurogenesis will migrate to their appropriate locations within the developing brain and establish connections with other neurons to form neural circuits. This process of neuronal migration and circuit formation is crucial for the functional organization of the brain and the development of complex behaviors and cognitive abilities.


5.     Critical Period for Brain Development: Gestational week 5 represents a critical period in brain development when the foundation for the intricate structure and connectivity of the brain is laid down. Disruptions or abnormalities during this period can have long-lasting effects on brain function and may contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neurogenesis is essential for elucidating brain development and addressing developmental disorders that arise from perturbations in this process.


In summary, gestational week 5 marks the onset of neurogenesis, a pivotal stage in brain development where neural stem cells begin to generate neurons that will populate the developing brain. This period sets the stage for the formation of the complex neuronal circuitry that underlies brain function and behavior. Understanding the events that unfold during neurogenesis is essential for unraveling the mysteries of brain development and addressing the challenges associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.

 

Categories:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Review Settings of EEG

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The review settings of an EEG recording refer to the parameters that can be adjusted to optimize the visualization and interpretation of electrical brain activity. Here is an overview of the key review settings in EEG analysis: 1.       Amplification (Gain/Sensitivity) : o Definition : Amplification, also known as gain or sensitivity, determines how much the electrical signals from the brain are amplified before being displayed on the EEG recording. o Measurement : Typically measured in microvolts per millimeter (μV/mm). o Impact : Adjusting the amplification setting can affect the visibility of high-amplitude and low-amplitude activity. High-amplitude activity may require vertical compression to fit within the display range, while low-amplitude activity may require lower sensitivity settings for better visualization. 2.      Frequency Filtering : o Bandpass : The frequency range within which EEG signals are analyzed. Common settings include ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Cancellous Bone

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Cancellous bone, also known as trabecular or spongy bone, is the other main type of bone tissue found in the human skeleton alongside cortical bone. Cancellous bone has a porous and lattice-like structure, providing flexibility, shock absorption, and a site for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation). Here are key features and characteristics of cancellous bone: 1.     Structure : o     Trabeculae : Cancellous bone is composed of a network of thin, bony trabeculae that form an interconnected lattice structure. o     Bone Marrow : The spaces between trabeculae contain red bone marrow, which is involved in the production of blood cells (hematopoiesis). o     Less Compact : Cancellous bone is less dense and compact than cortical bone, with a higher surface area-to-volume ratio. 2.     Composition : o     Trabecular Bone : The trabeculae are made up of lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi similar to corti...
Post a Comment
Read more

Amphiarthrodial or Cartilaginous Joints

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Amphiarthrodial joints, also known as cartilaginous joints, are joints where the adjacent bones are connected by cartilage. These joints allow for limited movement and provide both stability and flexibility to the skeletal system. Here is an overview of amphiarthrodial or cartilaginous joints: Amphiarthrodial or Cartilaginous Joints: 1.     Structure : o     Cartilage : §   Amphiarthrodial joints are characterized by the presence of cartilage between the articulating surfaces of the bones. §   The cartilage can be hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, depending on the specific joint and its function. o     Lack of Joint Cavity : §   Similar to fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints do not have a synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by the cartilaginous tissue. 2.     Types : o     Synchondroses : §   Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints where the connecting material is hyaline carti...
Post a Comment
Read more

Translocation, Retention and Potential Neurological Lesion in The Brain and Following Nanoparticle Exposure

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Translocation, retention, and potential neurological lesions in the brain following nanoparticle exposure are important considerations in nanotoxicology and neurotoxicology research. Here are some key points regarding the impact of nanoparticle exposure on the brain: 1.       Translocation to the Brain : o Nanoparticles can enter the brain through various routes, including systemic circulation, olfactory nerve pathways, and disrupted blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. o Factors such as nanoparticle size, surface properties, shape, and surface modifications influence their ability to cross biological barriers and reach the brain parenchyma. 2.      Retention in the Brain : o Once nanoparticles translocate to the brain, they may exhibit different retention times depending on their physicochemical properties and interactions with brain cells. o Nanoparticles can accumulate in specific brain regions, such as the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and...
Post a Comment
Read more

Distinguishing Features of Electrode Artifacts

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Electrode artifacts in EEG recordings can present with distinct features that differentiate them from genuine brain activity.  1.      Types of Electrode Artifacts : o Variety : Electrode artifacts encompass several types, including electrode pop, electrode contact, electrode/lead movement, perspiration artifacts, salt bridge artifacts, and movement artifacts. o Characteristics : Each type of electrode artifact exhibits specific waveform patterns and spatial distributions that aid in their identification and differentiation from true EEG signals. 2.    Electrode Pop : o Description : Electrode pop artifacts are characterized by paroxysmal, sharply contoured transients that interrupt the background EEG activity. o Localization : These artifacts typically involve only one electrode and lack a field indicating a gradual decrease in potential amplitude across the scalp. o Waveform : Electrode pop waveforms have a rapid rise and a slower fall compared to in...
Post a Comment
Read more