Polymicrogyria is an Organization Disorder Associated with Many Small Folds.

Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Polymicrogyria is a developmental malformation of the human brain characterized by an excessive number of small folds. Here are key points regarding polymicrogyria as an organization disorder associated with many small folds:


1. Definition: Polymicrogyria is a cortical malformation characterized by an increased number of small and abnormally formed gyri (folds) on the surface of the brain. These numerous small folds give the cortex a "micropolygyric" appearance, in contrast to the typical larger gyri seen in a healthy brain.


2.     Neuronal Organization: Polymicrogyria is considered an organization disorder because it involves disturbances in the normal organization of the cortical layers and neuronal connectivity. The increased cellular necrosis and disrupted neuronal connectivity in polymicrogyria lead to a thinned cortex with an excessive number of small irregular folds, affecting the structural integrity and functional connectivity of the brain regions.


3.     Clinical Features: Individuals with polymicrogyria may present with a range of neurological symptoms, including developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, motor impairments, and speech and language difficulties. The clinical manifestations can vary depending on the extent and location of the polymicrogyric changes in the brain.


4.     Genetic and Acquired Causes: Polymicrogyria can have both genetic and acquired causes. Genetic mutations in various genes have been associated with polymicrogyria, affecting processes critical for brain development. Acquired factors such as prenatal insults, infections, or vascular disruptions can also contribute to the development of polymicrogyria.


5. Diagnostic Evaluation: Diagnosis of polymicrogyria typically involves neuroimaging studies, such as MRI, which can reveal the characteristic small and irregular gyri on the brain surface. Genetic testing may be considered to identify underlying genetic factors contributing to polymicrogyria in some cases. The pattern and distribution of polymicrogyric changes can help differentiate it from other cortical malformations.


6. Management and Prognosis: Management of polymicrogyria focuses on addressing the individual's specific symptoms and needs. Treatment may include antiepileptic medications for seizure control, early intervention services for developmental support, physical and occupational therapy, and other supportive measures. The prognosis for individuals with polymicrogyria varies depending on the extent of brain involvement and associated complications.


In summary, polymicrogyria is an organization disorder characterized by an excessive number of small folds on the brain surface, resulting from disruptions in neuronal organization and connectivity during brain development. Understanding the genetic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of polymicrogyria is essential for accurate diagnosis, management, and support for individuals affected by this cortical malformation.

Having a strong interest in research, I began my work as a physiotherapist and went on to earn a master's degree in the field, specializing in neurology. I also finished a few post-graduation diplomas in between and with persistence. Research has always been a passion of mine, both for the advancement of my career and my personal life. A major factor in reaching my goals is education. Although my first bachelor's thesis was in the innovation area, I had been exposed to research work even in my informal school days. I always like working on creative initiatives and taking an interest in other people's experiences. The saying, "Healthy criticism is a way to learn more and more about your flaws to make them rectified," is true, in my opinion. In this way, we may hone our abilities and create a growth-oriented vision for both our personal and professional career pathways. I am thus constantly willing to learn and advance in my work. Additionally, I think that "it is in our hands to terminate our lives with a brand-new ending if we are unable to originate our lives with a brand-new start."

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Neural Circuits and Computation

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Image
  Neural circuits and computation refer to the intricate networks of interconnected neurons in the brain that work together to process information and generate behaviors. Here is a brief explanation of neural circuits and computation: 1.  Neural Circuits : Neural circuits are pathways formed by interconnected neurons that communicate with each other through synapses. These circuits are responsible for processing sensory information, generating motor commands, and mediating cognitive functions. 2.   Computation in Neural Circuits : Neural circuits perform computations by integrating and processing incoming signals from sensory inputs or other neurons. This processing involves complex interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons, synaptic plasticity, and feedback mechanisms. 3.   Behavioral Relevance : Neural circuits play a crucial role in mediating specific behaviors by translating sensory inputs into motor outputs. Different circuits are specialized for various functions, su
Read more

How do NTN and Lmx1α influence the Notch signaling pathway during this differentiation process?

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Image
  In the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (h-BMSCs) into dopaminergic neuron-like cells, NTN (Neurturin) and Lmx1α (LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 alpha) play a significant role in influencing the Notch signaling pathway. The study discussed in the PDF file investigated the impact of NTN and Lmx1α on the differentiation process and the associated changes in Notch-related gene expression. 1. Neurturin (NTN):    - Neurturin is a neurotrophic factor that belongs to the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. It has been shown to promote the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons.    - In the study, h-BMSCs overexpressing NTN were induced to differentiate into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. The presence of NTN likely influenced the expression of Notch-related genes, leading to changes in the Notch signaling pathway during differentiation.   2. LIM homeobox transcription factor 1 alpha (Lmx1α):    - Lmx1α is a trans
Read more

Are there any potential side effects or limitations to consider when using Vitamin C as a treatment for malignant melanoma?

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Image
  When using Vitamin C as a treatment for malignant melanoma, it is important to consider potential limitations and side effects. Some limitations include the lack of in vivo factors in in vitro studies, which may not fully represent biological interactions in real patients. Additionally, the studies mentioned in the review article were conducted in stimulating environments rather than in actual patients, which could affect the translation of results to clinical practice. As for side effects, while Vitamin C has shown promising anti-tumor effects in melanoma cells, further research is needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety in real patients. It is crucial to conduct more studies to investigate Vitamin C's role in transforming the genetic nature of melanoma and to evaluate its potential side effects when used as an adjuvant therapy. Osman, H. O., Thomas, N. E., Udekwe, S., Habashy, S., Jafri, A., & Heindl, S. E. (2021). Contribution of Vitamin C in the Treatment o
Read more