How does the computational model based on the continuum theory of finite elements help predict realistic surface morphologies in brain development?

The computational model based on the continuum theory of finite elements plays a crucial role in predicting realistic surface morphologies in brain development beyond the onset of folding. Here is an explanation of how this computational model aids in understanding brain surface morphologies:

1.  Finite Element Method: The computational model utilizes the finite element method, a numerical technique for solving complex engineering and scientific problems. In the context of brain development, this method allows researchers to discretize the brain tissue into small elements and simulate its behavior under various conditions. By applying the continuum theory of finite elements, the model can capture the nonlinear responses of the brain tissue to growth-induced compression and other mechanical stimuli.

2.  Prediction of Complex Morphologies: The computational model can predict a wide range of surface morphologies beyond the onset of folding. Unlike the analytical model, which provides initial estimates for critical conditions, the computational model can simulate the evolution of complex instability patterns in the post-critical regime. This capability enables researchers to explore irregular brain surface morphologies, including asymmetric patterns and the formation of secondary folds.

3.  Sensitivity Analysis: The computational model allows for systematic sensitivity studies of key parameters such as cortical thickness, stiffness, and growth rates. By varying these parameters in the model, researchers can understand how changes in cortical properties influence the resulting surface morphologies of the brain. This sensitivity analysis provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying cortical folding and the development of pathological malformations.

4.  Validation of Analytical Estimates: The computational model can validate the analytical estimates obtained from the initial model based on the Föppl–von Kármán theory. By comparing the results of the computational simulations with the analytical predictions, researchers can ensure the accuracy and reliability of their models in predicting realistic brain surface morphologies. This validation process enhances the understanding of cortical folding mechanisms and brain development.

In summary, the computational model based on the continuum theory of finite elements is a powerful tool for predicting realistic surface morphologies in brain development. By simulating the complex behavior of brain tissue under growth-induced compression and other mechanical factors, this model provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of cortical folding and the formation of brain surface patterns.