Skip to main content

Unveiling Hidden Neural Codes: SIMPL – A Scalable and Fast Approach for Optimizing Latent Variables and Tuning Curves in Neural Population Data

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
This research paper presents SIMPL (Scalable Iterative Maximization of Population-coded Latents), a novel, computationally efficient algorithm designed to refine the estimation of latent variables and tuning curves from neural population activity. Latent variables in neural data represent essential low-dimensional quantities encoding behavioral or cognitive states, which neuroscientists seek to identify to understand brain computations better. Background and Motivation Traditional approaches commonly assume the observed behavioral variable as the latent neural code. However, this assumption can lead to inaccuracies because neural activity sometimes encodes internal cognitive states differing subtly from observable behavior (e.g., anticipation, mental simulation). Existing latent variable models face challenges such as high computational cost, poor scalability to large datasets, limited expressiveness of tuning models, or difficulties interpreting complex neural network-based functio...
Post a Comment

Gyrogenesis

Image
Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Gyrogenesis refers to the process of gyrus formation in the brain, specifically the development of the characteristic folds and grooves (gyri and sulci) on the surface of the cerebral cortex. This intricate process of cortical folding is essential for maximizing the surface area of the brain within the constraints of the skull, allowing for increased neuronal density and enhanced cognitive capabilities. Here is an overview of gyrogenesis and its significance in brain development:


1.  Timing of Gyrogenesis: Gyrogenesis begins around mid-gestation in human brain development, typically around week 23 of gestation. Primary sulci start to form, followed by the development of secondary and tertiary sulci as the brain continues to grow and mature. The process of gyrification continues throughout prenatal and postnatal development, shaping the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex.


2.     Relationship to Neural Connectivity: Gyrogenesis is closely linked to neuronal connectivity and the establishment of functional neural circuits in the brain. The folding of the cortex allows for the spatial organization of different brain regions and facilitates efficient communication between neurons by reducing the distance over which signals need to travel. The convolutions created by gyrogenesis increase the surface area available for synaptic connections, supporting complex cognitive processes.


3. Regulation of Brain Function: The pattern of gyri and sulci formed during gyrogenesis is not random but follows a specific developmental trajectory that is influenced by genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. The unique folding patterns of individual brains contribute to variations in brain structure and function, including differences in cognitive abilities, sensory processing, and motor skills. Disruptions in gyrogenesis can impact brain connectivity and function, potentially leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.


4. Computational Modeling: Computational models have been developed to simulate the process of gyrogenesis and understand the underlying mechanisms that drive cortical folding. These models incorporate factors such as differential growth rates, mechanical forces, and genetic influences to predict the formation of gyri and sulci patterns observed in the human brain. By studying gyrogenesis computationally, researchers can gain insights into the complex interplay of biological and physical processes that shape brain morphology.


5. Clinical Implications: Abnormalities in gyrogenesis can manifest as cortical malformations, such as lissencephaly (smooth brain) or polymicrogyria (excessive small folds). These conditions are associated with developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and epilepsy, highlighting the importance of proper cortical folding for normal brain function. Understanding the mechanisms of gyrogenesis and its disruptions is crucial for diagnosing and treating neurodevelopmental disorders.

In summary, gyrogenesis is a fundamental process in brain development that shapes the convoluted structure of the cerebral cortex, influencing neural connectivity, brain function, and cognitive abilities. The intricate folding patterns generated during gyrogenesis optimize the brain's capacity for information processing and are essential for normal brain development and function.
 

Categories:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Linear Models

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What are Linear Models? Linear models are a class of models that make predictions using a linear function of the input features. The prediction is computed as a weighted sum of the input features plus a bias term. They have been extensively studied over more than a century and remain widely used due to their simplicity, interpretability, and effectiveness in many scenarios. 2. Mathematical Formulation For regression , the general form of a linear model's prediction is: y^ ​ = w0 ​ x0 ​ + w1 ​ x1 ​ + … + wp ​ xp ​ + b where; y^ ​ is the predicted output, xi ​ is the i-th input feature, wi ​ is the learned weight coefficient for feature xi ​ , b is the intercept (bias term), p is the number of features. In vector form: y^ ​ = wTx + b where w = ( w0 ​ , w1 ​ , ... , wp ​ ) and x = ( x0 ​ , x1 ​ , ... , xp ​ ) . 3. Interpretation and Intuition The prediction is a linear combination of features — each feature contributes prop...
Post a Comment
Read more

Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Core Concept The relationship between model complexity and dataset size is fundamental in supervised learning, affecting how well a model can learn and generalize. Model complexity refers to the capacity or flexibility of the model to fit a wide variety of functions. Dataset size refers to the number and diversity of training samples available for learning. Key Points 1. Larger Datasets Allow for More Complex Models When your dataset contains more varied data points , you can afford to use more complex models without overfitting. More data points mean more information and variety, enabling the model to learn detailed patterns without fitting noise. Quote from the book: "Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size. It’s important to note that model complexity is intimately tied to the variation of inputs contained in your training dataset: the larger variety of data points your dataset contains, the more complex a model you can use without overfitting....
Post a Comment
Read more

Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR)

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR) is a region in the midbrain that plays a crucial role in the control of locomotion and rhythmic movements. Here is an overview of the MLR and its significance in neuroscience research and motor control: 1.       Location : o The MLR is located in the mesencephalon, specifically in the midbrain tegmentum, near the aqueduct of Sylvius. o   It encompasses a group of neurons that are involved in coordinating and modulating locomotor activity. 2.      Function : o   Control of Locomotion : The MLR is considered a key center for initiating and regulating locomotor movements, including walking, running, and other rhythmic activities. o Rhythmic Movements : Neurons in the MLR are involved in generating and coordinating rhythmic patterns of muscle activity essential for locomotion. o Integration of Sensory Information : The MLR receives inputs from various sensory modalities and higher brain regions t...
Post a Comment
Read more

Seizures

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Seizures are episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can lead to a wide range of symptoms, from subtle changes in awareness to convulsions and loss of consciousness. Understanding seizures and their manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. Here is a detailed overview of seizures: 1.       Definition : o A seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. o Seizures can present in various forms, including focal (partial) seizures that originate in a specific area of the brain and generalized seizures that involve both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously. 2.      Classification : o Seizures are classified into different types based on their clinical presentation and EEG findings. Common seizure types include focal seizures, generalized seizures, and seizures of unknown onset. o The classification of seizures is esse...
Post a Comment
Read more

Mu Rhythms compared to Ciganek Rhythms

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The Mu rhythm and Cigánek rhythm are two distinct EEG patterns with unique characteristics that can be compared based on various features.  1.      Location : o     Mu Rhythm : § The Mu rhythm is maximal at the C3 or C4 electrode, with occasional involvement of the Cz electrode. § It is predominantly observed in the central and precentral regions of the brain. o     Cigánek Rhythm : § The Cigánek rhythm is typically located in the central parasagittal region of the brain. § It is more symmetrically distributed compared to the Mu rhythm. 2.    Frequency : o     Mu Rhythm : §   The Mu rhythm typically exhibits a frequency similar to the alpha rhythm, around 10 Hz. §   Frequencies within the range of 7 to 11 Hz are considered normal for the Mu rhythm. o     Cigánek Rhythm : §   The Cigánek rhythm is slower than the Mu rhythm and is typically outside the alpha frequency range. 3. ...
Post a Comment
Read more