Skip to main content

Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
Post a Comment

Gene Expression

Image
Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Gene expression plays a critical role in brain plasticity by regulating the synthesis of proteins that are essential for neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and adaptive responses to environmental stimuli. Here is an overview of gene expression in the context of brain plasticity:


1.     Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity:

o    Gene expression controls the production of proteins involved in synaptic transmission, synaptic structure, and synaptic plasticity, such as neurotransmitter receptors, synaptic scaffolding proteins, and signaling molecules.

o    Activity-dependent changes in gene expression, mediated by transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms, regulate the strength and efficacy of synaptic connections, contributing to learning, memory, and neural adaptation.

2.     Neurotrophic Factors:

o    Genes encoding neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), play a key role in neuronal survival, synaptic growth, and synaptic plasticity by modulating gene expression patterns in response to neural activity and environmental cues.

o    Neurotrophic factors regulate gene expression cascades that promote neuronal growth, dendritic arborization, and the formation of new synapses, enhancing brain plasticity and cognitive functions.

3.     Epigenetic Modifications:

o    Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression in a dynamic and experience-dependent manner, influencing synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and behavioral responses.

o    Changes in epigenetic marks at specific gene loci can alter gene expression profiles in neurons, leading to long-lasting changes in synaptic strength, neural connectivity, and brain function in health and disease.

4.     Transcriptional Regulation:

o    Transcription factors, such as CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), coordinate gene expression programs in response to synaptic activity, neuronal depolarization, and neurotrophic signaling, shaping synaptic plasticity and neural circuitry.

o    Transcriptional regulation of immediate early genes, growth factors, and synaptic proteins modulates gene expression dynamics that underlie synaptic remodeling, structural plasticity, and functional adaptation in the brain.

5.     Plasticity-Related Genes:

o    Plasticity-related genes, including Arc, Homer1a, and Synapsin, are rapidly induced in response to neuronal activity and sensory stimulation, leading to changes in gene expression that support synaptic plasticity, memory consolidation, and learning processes.

o    The coordinated expression of plasticity-related genes in response to environmental enrichment, learning tasks, and behavioral experiences reflects the dynamic nature of gene expression in shaping neural circuits and cognitive functions.

By studying gene expression in the context of brain plasticity, researchers can unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity, neural adaptation, and cognitive flexibility, providing insights into how gene regulation influences brain development, learning processes, and the response to environmental challenges.

 

Categories:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Cancellous Bone

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Cancellous bone, also known as trabecular or spongy bone, is the other main type of bone tissue found in the human skeleton alongside cortical bone. Cancellous bone has a porous and lattice-like structure, providing flexibility, shock absorption, and a site for hematopoiesis (blood cell formation). Here are key features and characteristics of cancellous bone: 1.     Structure : o     Trabeculae : Cancellous bone is composed of a network of thin, bony trabeculae that form an interconnected lattice structure. o     Bone Marrow : The spaces between trabeculae contain red bone marrow, which is involved in the production of blood cells (hematopoiesis). o     Less Compact : Cancellous bone is less dense and compact than cortical bone, with a higher surface area-to-volume ratio. 2.     Composition : o     Trabecular Bone : The trabeculae are made up of lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi similar to corti...
Post a Comment
Read more

Review Settings of EEG

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The review settings of an EEG recording refer to the parameters that can be adjusted to optimize the visualization and interpretation of electrical brain activity. Here is an overview of the key review settings in EEG analysis: 1.       Amplification (Gain/Sensitivity) : o Definition : Amplification, also known as gain or sensitivity, determines how much the electrical signals from the brain are amplified before being displayed on the EEG recording. o Measurement : Typically measured in microvolts per millimeter (μV/mm). o Impact : Adjusting the amplification setting can affect the visibility of high-amplitude and low-amplitude activity. High-amplitude activity may require vertical compression to fit within the display range, while low-amplitude activity may require lower sensitivity settings for better visualization. 2.      Frequency Filtering : o Bandpass : The frequency range within which EEG signals are analyzed. Common settings include ...
Post a Comment
Read more

Amphiarthrodial or Cartilaginous Joints

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Amphiarthrodial joints, also known as cartilaginous joints, are joints where the adjacent bones are connected by cartilage. These joints allow for limited movement and provide both stability and flexibility to the skeletal system. Here is an overview of amphiarthrodial or cartilaginous joints: Amphiarthrodial or Cartilaginous Joints: 1.     Structure : o     Cartilage : §   Amphiarthrodial joints are characterized by the presence of cartilage between the articulating surfaces of the bones. §   The cartilage can be hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, depending on the specific joint and its function. o     Lack of Joint Cavity : §   Similar to fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints do not have a synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by the cartilaginous tissue. 2.     Types : o     Synchondroses : §   Synchondroses are cartilaginous joints where the connecting material is hyaline carti...
Post a Comment
Read more

Cell Maturation (Dendrite and Axon Growth)

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Cell maturation, encompassing dendrite and axon growth, is a crucial stage of brain development where neurons undergo structural changes to establish connections and form functional neural circuits. Here is an overview of cell maturation in the context of dendrite and axon growth: 1.      Dendrite Growth : o     Definition : Dendrites are branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit these signals to the cell body. o     Dendritic Arborization : During maturation, neurons extend and elaborate their dendritic arbors, increasing the surface area available for synaptic connections. o     Synaptic Integration : Dendritic growth is essential for forming synapses with other neurons, allowing for the integration of incoming signals and information processing. o     Activity-Dependent Plasticity : Dendritic growth can be influenced by neural activity and sensory experiences, sh...
Post a Comment
Read more

Elements Selection Techniques

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Element selection techniques play a crucial role in determining how individual elements or units are chosen from the population to form a sample. Here are some common element selection techniques used in sampling: 1.     Unrestricted Sampling : §   In unrestricted sampling, each element in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. This approach is commonly used in simple random sampling, where every element is selected independently of other elements. 2.     Restricted Sampling : §   Restricted sampling involves imposing certain restrictions or conditions on the selection of sample elements. This can include stratification, clustering, or other criteria that guide the selection process. Restricted sampling techniques include: §   Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into homogeneous subgroups (strata), and samples are selected from each stratum to ensure representation of different characteristics. § ...
Post a Comment
Read more