This research paper presents SIMPL (Scalable Iterative Maximization of Population-coded Latents), a novel, computationally efficient algorithm designed to refine the estimation of latent variables and tuning curves from neural population activity. Latent variables in neural data represent essential low-dimensional quantities encoding behavioral or cognitive states, which neuroscientists seek to identify to understand brain computations better. Background and Motivation Traditional approaches commonly assume the observed behavioral variable as the latent neural code. However, this assumption can lead to inaccuracies because neural activity sometimes encodes internal cognitive states differing subtly from observable behavior (e.g., anticipation, mental simulation). Existing latent variable models face challenges such as high computational cost, poor scalability to large datasets, limited expressiveness of tuning models, or difficulties interpreting complex neural network-based functio...
From jean cruveilhier and robert Carswell To jean martin charcot: the initial description Of multiple sclerosis
The initial description of multiple sclerosis (MS)
can be traced back to several key figures in the history of medicine, including
Jean Cruveilhier, Robert Carswell, and Jean Martin Charcot. Here is a brief
overview of their contributions to the understanding of MS:
1.Jean Cruveilhier (1791-1874): A French anatomist and pathologist, Cruveilhier
is known for his detailed anatomical studies of the nervous system. In 1835, he
provided one of the earliest pathological descriptions of what is now
recognized as multiple sclerosis. Cruveilhier observed and documented the
characteristic plaques and lesions in the brains and spinal cords of
individuals with MS, laying the foundation for future research on the disease.
2.Robert Carswell (1793-1857): A Scottish pathologist, Carswell independently
described the pathological features of multiple sclerosis around the same time
as Cruveilhier. In his work, Carswell identified the presence of demyelination
and inflammation in the brains and spinal cords of MS patients, further
contributing to the early understanding of the disease.
3. Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893): A prominent French neurologist, Charcot is often
referred to as the "father of neurology." Charcot made significant
contributions to the clinical characterization and diagnosis of multiple
sclerosis. He distinguished MS as a distinct neurological disorder and
described its clinical manifestations, including the triad of symptoms known as
Charcot's triad (nystagmus, intention tremor, and scanning speech). Charcot's
work helped establish MS as a recognized disease entity and laid the groundwork
for future research and treatment developments.
The collective efforts of Cruveilhier, Carswell,
and Charcot in the 19th century were instrumental in shaping our early
understanding of multiple sclerosis. Their observations and descriptions of the
pathological and clinical features of MS paved the way for further research
into the etiology, pathogenesis, and management of this complex neurological
condition.
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