This research paper presents SIMPL (Scalable Iterative Maximization of Population-coded Latents), a novel, computationally efficient algorithm designed to refine the estimation of latent variables and tuning curves from neural population activity. Latent variables in neural data represent essential low-dimensional quantities encoding behavioral or cognitive states, which neuroscientists seek to identify to understand brain computations better. Background and Motivation Traditional approaches commonly assume the observed behavioral variable as the latent neural code. However, this assumption can lead to inaccuracies because neural activity sometimes encodes internal cognitive states differing subtly from observable behavior (e.g., anticipation, mental simulation). Existing latent variable models face challenges such as high computational cost, poor scalability to large datasets, limited expressiveness of tuning models, or difficulties interpreting complex neural network-based functio...
Physical randomization refers to the process of
introducing randomness into an experiment or study using physical means or
mechanisms. Unlike computer-generated randomization or random digit tables,
physical randomization involves tangible objects or actions to ensure a random
allocation of treatments, subjects, or samples. Here are some common methods of
physical randomization:
1. Randomization Cards:
o Randomization cards are physical cards or slips with
treatment assignments or group allocations written on them. Researchers shuffle
the cards and draw them one by one to assign treatments or interventions to
participants in a randomized manner. This method ensures that each participant
has an equal chance of receiving any particular treatment.
2. Randomization Barrels:
o Randomization barrels are containers filled with
balls or tokens representing different treatment groups or allocations.
Researchers draw balls or tokens from the barrel to determine the assignment
for each participant. By mixing the balls thoroughly and selecting them
randomly, researchers achieve a randomized allocation process.
3. Coin Flipping:
o Coin flipping is a simple yet effective method of
physical randomization. Researchers assign treatments or group allocations
based on the outcome of a coin toss. For example, heads may represent one
treatment group, while tails represent another. By flipping a coin for each
participant, researchers can ensure a random assignment process.
4. Dice Rolling:
o Dice rolling involves using dice to determine
treatment assignments or group allocations. Each face of the dice can
correspond to a different treatment group or allocation. By rolling the dice
for each participant, researchers introduce randomness into the assignment
process based on the dice outcome.
5. Drawing Lots:
o Drawing lots is a traditional method of physical
randomization where participants draw slips of paper or tokens from a
container. Each slip corresponds to a treatment group or allocation, and
participants are assigned based on the slip they draw. This method ensures a
random and unbiased allocation process.
6. Shuffling and Selection:
o Researchers can also use physical objects like
cards, tokens, or slips with participant IDs to conduct random selection. By
shuffling the objects and selecting them without looking, researchers can
achieve a random sample selection process for studies or experiments.
Physical randomization methods are particularly
useful in situations where researchers prefer a hands-on approach to
randomization or where access to electronic devices or computers is limited. By
employing physical randomization techniques, researchers can ensure the
fairness and impartiality of treatment assignments, group allocations, or
sample selections in their studies. It is important to follow standardized
procedures and protocols to maintain the integrity of the randomization process
and minimize biases in research outcomes.
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