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Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
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FUNCTIONAL SCREEN FOR SYNAPTIC ORGANIZERS: IDENTIFICATION OF TRKC-PTPr AND SLITRK, CANDIDATE GENES IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

A functional screen for synaptic organizers identified TRKC-PTPr and SLITRK as candidate genes implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here is an overview of these candidate genes and their potential roles in synaptic organization and neuropsychiatric conditions:


1.TRKC-PTPr (Tyrosine Receptor Kinase C-Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor):

o    Function: TRKC-PTPr is a complex formed by the tyrosine receptor kinase C (TRKC) and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor (PTPr) that plays a role in synaptic organization and neuronal signaling.

o Synaptic Organization: TRKC-PTPr is involved in regulating synaptic adhesion and connectivity, contributing to the formation and maintenance of synaptic structures critical for proper neuronal communication.

o Neuropsychiatric Implications: Dysregulation of TRKC-PTPr signaling may disrupt synaptic organization, leading to synaptic deficits observed in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and mood disorders.

2.  SLITRK (Slit and NTRK-Like Family Member):

o    Function: SLITRK proteins are involved in synaptic development, axon guidance, and neuronal connectivity through interactions with various synaptic proteins and signaling pathways.

o    Synaptic Organization: SLITRK proteins play a role in organizing synaptic structures, modulating synaptic plasticity, and regulating neurotransmitter release at synapses.

o Neuropsychiatric Implications: Mutations or alterations in SLITRK genes have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), highlighting their importance in synaptic function and neuropsychiatric pathophysiology.

3. Functional Screen for Synaptic Organizers:

o Methodology: The functional screen likely involved high-throughput screening approaches to identify genes involved in synaptic organization, synaptogenesis, and synaptic maintenance.

o    Significance: Identification of TRKC-PTPr and SLITRK as candidate genes suggests their critical roles in orchestrating synaptic connectivity, neuronal communication, and circuit formation in the brain.

o Therapeutic Potential: Understanding the functions of these synaptic organizers may offer insights into novel therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric disorders by targeting synaptic organization and connectivity to restore proper brain function and alleviate symptoms associated with synaptic dysfunction.

By elucidating the roles of TRKC-PTPr and SLITRK in synaptic organization and their implications in neuropsychiatric disorders, researchers aim to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic deficits in these conditions and explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting synaptic organizers to restore normal synaptic function and improve outcomes for individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders.

 

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