FUNCTIONAL SCREEN FOR SYNAPTIC ORGANIZERS: IDENTIFICATION OF TRKC-PTPr AND SLITRK, CANDIDATE GENES IN NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS

A functional screen for synaptic organizers identified TRKC-PTPr and SLITRK as candidate genes implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here is an overview of these candidate genes and their potential roles in synaptic organization and neuropsychiatric conditions:

1.TRKC-PTPr (Tyrosine Receptor Kinase C-Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor):

o Function: TRKC-PTPr is a complex formed by the tyrosine receptor kinase C (TRKC) and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor (PTPr) that plays a role in synaptic organization and neuronal signaling.

o Synaptic Organization: TRKC-PTPr is involved in regulating synaptic adhesion and connectivity, contributing to the formation and maintenance of synaptic structures critical for proper neuronal communication.

o Neuropsychiatric Implications: Dysregulation of TRKC-PTPr signaling may disrupt synaptic organization, leading to synaptic deficits observed in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and mood disorders.

2. SLITRK (Slit and NTRK-Like Family Member):

o Function: SLITRK proteins are involved in synaptic development, axon guidance, and neuronal connectivity through interactions with various synaptic proteins and signaling pathways.

o Synaptic Organization: SLITRK proteins play a role in organizing synaptic structures, modulating synaptic plasticity, and regulating neurotransmitter release at synapses.

o Neuropsychiatric Implications: Mutations or alterations in SLITRK genes have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), highlighting their importance in synaptic function and neuropsychiatric pathophysiology.

3. Functional Screen for Synaptic Organizers:

o Methodology: The functional screen likely involved high-throughput screening approaches to identify genes involved in synaptic organization, synaptogenesis, and synaptic maintenance.

o Significance: Identification of TRKC-PTPr and SLITRK as candidate genes suggests their critical roles in orchestrating synaptic connectivity, neuronal communication, and circuit formation in the brain.

o Therapeutic Potential: Understanding the functions of these synaptic organizers may offer insights into novel therapeutic targets for neuropsychiatric disorders by targeting synaptic organization and connectivity to restore proper brain function and alleviate symptoms associated with synaptic dysfunction.

By elucidating the roles of TRKC-PTPr and SLITRK in synaptic organization and their implications in neuropsychiatric disorders, researchers aim to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic deficits in these conditions and explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting synaptic organizers to restore normal synaptic function and improve outcomes for individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Comments

Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size

Core Concept The relationship between model complexity and dataset size is fundamental in supervised learning, affecting how well a model can learn and generalize. Model complexity refers to the capacity or flexibility of the model to fit a wide variety of functions. Dataset size refers to the number and diversity of training samples available for learning. Key Points 1. Larger Datasets Allow for More Complex Models When your dataset contains more varied data points , you can afford to use more complex models without overfitting. More data points mean more information and variety, enabling the model to learn detailed patterns without fitting noise. Quote from the book: "Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size. It’s important to note that model complexity is intimately tied to the variation of inputs contained in your training dataset: the larger variety of data points your dataset contains, the more complex a model you can use without overfitting....

Linear Models

1. What are Linear Models? Linear models are a class of models that make predictions using a linear function of the input features. The prediction is computed as a weighted sum of the input features plus a bias term. They have been extensively studied over more than a century and remain widely used due to their simplicity, interpretability, and effectiveness in many scenarios. 2. Mathematical Formulation For regression , the general form of a linear model's prediction is: y^ = w0 x0 + w1 x1 + … + wp xp + b where; y^ is the predicted output, xi is the i-th input feature, wi is the learned weight coefficient for feature xi , b is the intercept (bias term), p is the number of features. In vector form: y^ = wTx + b where w = ( w0 , w1 , ... , wp ) and x = ( x0 , x1 , ... , xp ) . 3. Interpretation and Intuition The prediction is a linear combination of features — each feature contributes prop...

Predicting Probabilities

1. What is Predicting Probabilities? The predict_proba method estimates the probability that a given input belongs to each class. It returns values in the range [0, 1] , representing the model's confidence as probabilities. The sum of predicted probabilities across all classes for a sample is always 1 (i.e., they form a valid probability distribution). 2. Output Shape of predict_proba For binary classification , the shape of the output is (n_samples, 2) : Column 0: Probability of the sample belonging to the negative class. Column 1: Probability of the sample belonging to the positive class. For multiclass classification , the shape is (n_samples, n_classes) , with each column corresponding to the probability of the sample belonging to that class. 3. Interpretation of predict_proba Output The probability reflects how confidently the model believes a data point belongs to each class. For example, in ...

Kernelized Support Vector Machines

1. Introduction to SVMs Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are supervised learning algorithms primarily used for classification (and regression with SVR). They aim to find the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between classes for linearly separable data. Basic (linear) SVMs operate in the original feature space, producing linear decision boundaries. 2. Limitations of Linear SVMs Linear SVMs have limited flexibility as their decision boundaries are hyperplanes. Many real-world problems require more complex, non-linear decision boundaries that linear SVM cannot provide. 3. Kernel Trick: Overcoming Non-linearity To allow non-linear decision boundaries, SVMs exploit the kernel trick . The kernel trick implicitly maps input data into a higher-dimensional feature space where linear separation might be possible, without explicitly performing the costly mapping . How the Kernel Trick Works: Instead of computing ...

Supervised Learning

What is Supervised Learning? · Definition: Supervised learning involves training a model on a labeled dataset, where the input data (features) are paired with the correct output (labels). The model learns to map inputs to outputs and can predict labels for unseen input data. · Goal: To learn a function that generalizes well from training data to accurately predict labels for new data. · Types: · Classification: Predicting categorical labels (e.g., classifying iris flowers into species). · Regression: Predicting continuous values (e.g., predicting house prices). Key Concepts: · Generalization: The ability of a model to perform well on previously unseen data, not just the training data. · Overfitting and Underfitting: · ...

Mashtishk Vigyan Anusandhan

Search This Blog