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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Lineage Analysis of Glial Cells in The Intact and Injured Adult Mouse CNS

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Lineage analysis of glial cells in the intact and injured adult mouse central nervous system (CNS) involves tracking the origin, differentiation, and fate of glial cell populations under normal conditions and in response to neural injury. Here are some key points related to lineage analysis of glial cells in the intact and injured adult mouse CNS:

1.      Heterogeneity of Glial Cell Populations:

oAstrocytes and Oligodendrocytes: The CNS contains diverse populations of glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, which play crucial roles in maintaining homeostasis, supporting neuronal function, and responding to injury or disease .

o Progenitor Cells: Glial progenitor cells, such as NG2 glia, represent a dynamic cell population with the capacity to differentiate into mature glial subtypes and contribute to tissue repair and regeneration in the adult CNS .

2.     Lineage Tracing Techniques:

oGenetic Tools: Lineage tracing methods, including Cre-loxP recombination, inducible genetic labeling systems, and fate mapping approaches, allow researchers to label and track specific glial cell lineages based on their developmental origin or activation status in the intact CNS and following injury , .

oReporter Mice: Transgenic reporter mouse lines expressing fluorescent proteins or genetic markers under cell type-specific promoters enable the visualization and manipulation of glial cell populations for lineage analysis and fate mapping studies in vivo , .

3.     Response to Neural Injury:

o Gliosis and Reactive Gliogenesis: Following CNS injury, glial cells undergo reactive changes characterized by gliosis, proliferation, and activation of repair mechanisms to limit damage, form glial scars, and support tissue remodeling in the injured microenvironment .

o    Regenerative Potential: Lineage analysis of glial cells in response to neural injury provides insights into the regenerative capacity, plasticity, and lineage relationships of reactive glial populations, shedding light on their contributions to tissue repair and functional recovery , .

4.    Functional Implications:

o Neuroprotective Roles: Lineage analysis of glial cells in the intact and injured CNS helps elucidate the neuroprotective functions of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and glial progenitors in maintaining CNS homeostasis, supporting neuronal survival, and modulating inflammatory responses , .

oTherapeutic Targets: Understanding the lineage dynamics and responses of glial cells to injury provides potential targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at promoting neuroregeneration, enhancing remyelination, and modulating the glial scar formation to improve outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic brain injuries , .

In summary, lineage analysis of glial cells in the intact and injured adult mouse CNS offers valuable insights into the cellular dynamics, plasticity, and functional roles of glial populations in health and disease. By employing advanced genetic tools and lineage tracing techniques, researchers can unravel the complex interactions between glial cells, neurons, and the microenvironment, paving the way for novel strategies to harness the regenerative potential of glial cells for neural repair and therapeutic interventions in neurological conditions.

 

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