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Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
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How do pharmacological interventions targeting NMDA glutamate receptors and PKCc affect alcohol drinking behavior in mice?

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Pharmacological interventions targeting NMDA glutamate receptors and PKCc can have significant effects on alcohol drinking behavior in mice. In the context of the study discussed in the PDF file, the researchers investigated the impact of these interventions on ethanol-preferring behavior in mice lacking type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1).


1.  NMDA Glutamate Receptor Inhibition: Inhibition of NMDA glutamate receptors can reduce ethanol drinking behavior in mice. This suggests that NMDA receptor-mediated signaling plays a role in regulating alcohol consumption. By blocking NMDA receptors, the researchers were able to observe a decrease in ethanol intake in ENT1 null mice, indicating that NMDA receptor activity is involved in the modulation of alcohol preference.


2.  PKCc Inhibition: Down-regulation of intracellular PKCc-neurogranin (Ng)-Ca2+-calmodulin dependent protein kinase type II (CaMKII) signaling through PKCc inhibition is correlated with reduced CREB activity in ENT1 null mice. CREB activity is associated with the regulation of gene expression related to neuronal plasticity and behavior. In this context, reduced CREB activity may impact the neural mechanisms underlying alcohol drinking behavior.


Overall, these findings suggest that the genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of ENT1 can modulate NMDA glutamate receptor-mediated signaling pathways, leading to alterations in CREB activity and ultimately influencing ethanol-preferring behavior in mice. This highlights the intricate interplay between glutamatergic signaling, PKCc activity, and alcohol consumption behavior in the context of ENT1 deficiency.

 

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