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Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: From Riemannian Optimization to Modern Neuroscience, NeuroAI and Quantum Physics

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
When Geometry, Energy, Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience Converge Modern Artificial Intelligence is rapidly moving beyond the idea that learning simply means minimizing an error function. Increasingly, researchers are asking a deeper question: what is the structure of the space in which learning takes place? This question becomes particularly important when the system being modelled is constrained, nonlinear, dynamic, or governed by physical principles. A recent work titled “Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent: Riemannian Optimization for Neural PDE Solvers” , by Zhangyong Liang and Huanhuan Gao, introduces Energy Manifold Natural Gradient Descent (EMNGD) , a mathematical framework that extends energy-based natural-gradient optimization from unconstrained Euclidean parameter spaces to constrained Riemannian parameter manifolds . At its core, the framework proposes a simple but powerful principle: An optimization algorithm should not only determine how to reduce error; it sh...
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Translation Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

Translation dysregulation, a phenomenon characterized by abnormalities in protein synthesis processes, has been implicated in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and may contribute to the pathophysiology of the condition. Here is an overview of translation dysregulation in ASD:


1.      Dysregulation of Protein Synthesis:

o   mTOR Signaling Pathway: Dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, a key regulator of protein synthesis, has been observed in individuals with ASD. Abnormal activation of mTOR can lead to excessive protein synthesis, altered synaptic plasticity, and disrupted neuronal connectivity in the brain [T19].

o Fragile X Syndrome: Fragile X syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with intellectual disability and ASD features, is characterized by dysregulation of protein synthesis due to mutations in the FMR1 gene. The absence of the FMRP protein leads to aberrant translation of synaptic proteins, contributing to cognitive impairments and behavioral symptoms in individuals with Fragile X syndrome and ASD [T20].

o RNA Binding Proteins: Dysfunctions in RNA binding proteins, such as FMRP, TSC2, and CYFIP1, have been linked to translation dysregulation in ASD. These proteins play crucial roles in regulating mRNA translation, synaptic protein synthesis, and neuronal function, and their dysregulation can disrupt protein homeostasis in individuals with ASD [T21].

2.     Impact on Synaptic Function:

o Synaptic Protein Expression: Abnormalities in translation regulation can affect the expression of synaptic proteins critical for synaptic transmission, plasticity, and connectivity. Dysregulated protein synthesis at synapses can lead to altered synaptic function, impaired neural circuitry, and cognitive deficits in individuals with ASD [T22].

o Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity: Dysregulation of translation processes can impact long-term synaptic plasticity mechanisms, such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which are essential for learning and memory. Altered protein synthesis at synapses may disrupt synaptic plasticity and neural network formation in individuals with ASD [T23].

3.     Therapeutic Strategies:

o mTOR Inhibitors: Targeting the mTOR signaling pathway with mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, has been proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy to modulate protein synthesis and restore synaptic homeostasis in individuals with ASD. By regulating mTOR activity, these inhibitors may help normalize translation dysregulation and improve neuronal function [T24].

oRNA-Based Therapies: Approaches aimed at correcting RNA dysregulation and restoring normal mRNA translation, such as RNA-targeted therapies and RNA editing technologies, hold promise for addressing translation abnormalities in ASD. By targeting specific RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis, these therapies may mitigate synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in individuals with ASD [T25].

In summary, translation dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders can disrupt protein synthesis processes, impact synaptic function, and contribute to the neurobiological underpinnings of the condition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying translation abnormalities in ASD is essential for developing targeted interventions that can restore protein homeostasis, normalize synaptic function, and improve cognitive outcomes in individuals affected by ASD.

 

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