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Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What is Uncertainty in Classification? Uncertainty refers to the model’s confidence or doubt in its predictions. Quantifying uncertainty is important to understand how reliable each prediction is. In multiclass classification , uncertainty estimates provide probabilities over multiple classes, reflecting how sure the model is about each possible class. 2. Methods to Estimate Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification Most multiclass classifiers provide methods such as: predict_proba: Returns a probability distribution across all classes. decision_function: Returns scores or margins for each class (sometimes called raw or uncalibrated confidence scores). The probability distribution from predict_proba captures the uncertainty by assigning a probability to each class. 3. Shape and Interpretation of predict_proba in Multiclass Output shape: (n_samples, n_classes) Each row corresponds to the probabilities of ...
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Parameters of Interest

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Dr. Rishabh Pathak

In research methodology, parameters of interest refer to the specific characteristics, measures, or variables within a population that researchers aim to study, analyze, or make inferences about. These parameters play a crucial role in shaping the research objectives, study design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. Here is an explanation of parameters of interest in research:


1.    Definition:

o    Parameters of interest are the key aspects of the population that researchers want to investigate or draw conclusions about. These parameters can include means, proportions, variances, correlations, regression coefficients, differences between groups, or any other measurable attributes that are of significance to the research study.

2.    Types of Parameters:

o    Parameters of interest can be categorized into various types based on the research objectives and the nature of the study. Common types of parameters include:

§  Population Means: Average values of a variable within the population.

§ Population Proportions: Percentage or proportion of individuals with a specific characteristic.

§  Population Variances: Variability or dispersion of data points within the population.

§  Population Correlations: Relationships between variables in the population.

§  Population Regression Coefficients: Strength and direction of relationships between variables in regression analysis.

§  Population Contrasts: Contrasts or differences between groups or categories within the population.

3.    Selection of Parameters:

o    Researchers select parameters of interest based on the research questions, hypotheses, and objectives of the study. The choice of parameters is guided by the need to address specific research goals, test theoretical propositions, explore relationships between variables, or make predictions about the population.

4.    Measurement and Analysis:

o    Parameters of interest are typically measured using data collected from samples or populations. Researchers employ various data collection methods, such as surveys, experiments, observations, or secondary data analysis, to obtain information on the parameters. Statistical techniques, such as hypothesis testing, regression analysis, correlation analysis, and descriptive statistics, are then used to analyze and draw inferences about the parameters.

5.    Importance:

o    Identifying and defining parameters of interest is essential for focusing the research study, formulating research questions, and interpreting study results. By clearly specifying the parameters of interest, researchers can ensure that their study objectives are aligned with the data collected and the analyses conducted. Parameters of interest guide the research process and help researchers draw meaningful conclusions from their findings.

6.    Example:

o    For instance, in a study on customer satisfaction in a retail setting, parameters of interest may include the average satisfaction score, the proportion of highly satisfied customers, the variance in satisfaction levels among different customer segments, and the correlation between satisfaction and loyalty. These parameters would be central to understanding and improving customer experiences in the retail environment.

In summary, parameters of interest in research methodology are the specific characteristics or measures within a population that researchers focus on studying, analyzing, and making inferences about. By identifying and defining these parameters, researchers can tailor their research objectives, data collection methods, and analysis techniques to address key aspects of the population and draw meaningful conclusions from their research findings.

 

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