Skip to main content

Unveiling Hidden Neural Codes: SIMPL – A Scalable and Fast Approach for Optimizing Latent Variables and Tuning Curves in Neural Population Data

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
This research paper presents SIMPL (Scalable Iterative Maximization of Population-coded Latents), a novel, computationally efficient algorithm designed to refine the estimation of latent variables and tuning curves from neural population activity. Latent variables in neural data represent essential low-dimensional quantities encoding behavioral or cognitive states, which neuroscientists seek to identify to understand brain computations better. Background and Motivation Traditional approaches commonly assume the observed behavioral variable as the latent neural code. However, this assumption can lead to inaccuracies because neural activity sometimes encodes internal cognitive states differing subtly from observable behavior (e.g., anticipation, mental simulation). Existing latent variable models face challenges such as high computational cost, poor scalability to large datasets, limited expressiveness of tuning models, or difficulties interpreting complex neural network-based functio...
Post a Comment

Microscopic Structure of Bone

Image
Dr. Rishabh Pathak

The microscopic structure of bone tissue reveals a hierarchical organization that contributes to its strength, flexibility, and functionality. The key components of the microscopic structure of bone include:


1.    Osteon (Haversian System):

o    The basic structural unit of compact bone tissue.

o    Consists of concentric lamellae (layers) of bone matrix surrounding a central Haversian canal.

o    The Haversian canal contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that supply nutrients and remove waste products from bone cells.

o    Osteocytes are housed in lacunae within the lamellae and communicate with each other and with blood vessels through canaliculi (tiny channels).

2.    Lamellae:

o    Layers of bone matrix that make up the concentric rings within an osteon.

o    Collagen fibers in the lamellae provide tensile strength and flexibility to bone tissue.

o    Lamellae are arranged in different orientations to resist mechanical stresses and distribute loads effectively.

3.    Interstitial Lamellae:

o    Fill the spaces between intact osteons or remnants of old osteons.

o    Represent areas where bone remodeling has occurred or where new osteons are being formed.

4.    Circumferential Lamellae:

o    Encircle the outer and inner surfaces of compact bone, providing structural support and strength to the bone.

o    Help resist torsional forces and maintain the cylindrical shape of long bones.

5.    Trabeculae:

o    Found in spongy (cancellous) bone, forming a network of interconnected bony struts.

o    Trabeculae provide structural support, help distribute forces, and contain red bone marrow for hematopoiesis.

o    Spaces between trabeculae are filled with bone marrow and blood vessels.

6.    Bone Marrow:

o    Red bone marrow within trabecular spaces is the site of hematopoiesis, producing blood cells.

o    Yellow bone marrow in the medullary cavity of long bones stores fat and serves as an energy reserve.

7.    Periosteum and Endosteum:

o    The periosteum covers the outer surface of bones, providing a protective and nourishing layer.

o    The endosteum lines the inner surfaces of bones and contains osteoprogenitor cells involved in bone remodeling and repair.

8.    Cement Lines:

o    Thin, mineralized lines that mark the boundaries between adjacent osteons or lamellae.

o    Represent sites of previous bone deposition and remodeling.

The intricate microscopic structure of bone tissue, including osteons, lamellae, trabeculae, bone marrow, and connective tissues, reflects its adaptation to withstand mechanical stresses, support metabolic functions, and maintain skeletal integrity. Understanding the microscopic organization of bone is crucial for comprehending its biomechanical properties, remodeling processes, and role in overall musculoskeletal health.

 

Categories:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Linear Models

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
1. What are Linear Models? Linear models are a class of models that make predictions using a linear function of the input features. The prediction is computed as a weighted sum of the input features plus a bias term. They have been extensively studied over more than a century and remain widely used due to their simplicity, interpretability, and effectiveness in many scenarios. 2. Mathematical Formulation For regression , the general form of a linear model's prediction is: y^ ​ = w0 ​ x0 ​ + w1 ​ x1 ​ + … + wp ​ xp ​ + b where; y^ ​ is the predicted output, xi ​ is the i-th input feature, wi ​ is the learned weight coefficient for feature xi ​ , b is the intercept (bias term), p is the number of features. In vector form: y^ ​ = wTx + b where w = ( w0 ​ , w1 ​ , ... , wp ​ ) and x = ( x0 ​ , x1 ​ , ... , xp ​ ) . 3. Interpretation and Intuition The prediction is a linear combination of features — each feature contributes prop...
Post a Comment
Read more

Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Core Concept The relationship between model complexity and dataset size is fundamental in supervised learning, affecting how well a model can learn and generalize. Model complexity refers to the capacity or flexibility of the model to fit a wide variety of functions. Dataset size refers to the number and diversity of training samples available for learning. Key Points 1. Larger Datasets Allow for More Complex Models When your dataset contains more varied data points , you can afford to use more complex models without overfitting. More data points mean more information and variety, enabling the model to learn detailed patterns without fitting noise. Quote from the book: "Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size. It’s important to note that model complexity is intimately tied to the variation of inputs contained in your training dataset: the larger variety of data points your dataset contains, the more complex a model you can use without overfitting....
Post a Comment
Read more

Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR)

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR) is a region in the midbrain that plays a crucial role in the control of locomotion and rhythmic movements. Here is an overview of the MLR and its significance in neuroscience research and motor control: 1.       Location : o The MLR is located in the mesencephalon, specifically in the midbrain tegmentum, near the aqueduct of Sylvius. o   It encompasses a group of neurons that are involved in coordinating and modulating locomotor activity. 2.      Function : o   Control of Locomotion : The MLR is considered a key center for initiating and regulating locomotor movements, including walking, running, and other rhythmic activities. o Rhythmic Movements : Neurons in the MLR are involved in generating and coordinating rhythmic patterns of muscle activity essential for locomotion. o Integration of Sensory Information : The MLR receives inputs from various sensory modalities and higher brain regions t...
Post a Comment
Read more

Seizures

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
Seizures are episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can lead to a wide range of symptoms, from subtle changes in awareness to convulsions and loss of consciousness. Understanding seizures and their manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. Here is a detailed overview of seizures: 1.       Definition : o A seizure is a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. o Seizures can present in various forms, including focal (partial) seizures that originate in a specific area of the brain and generalized seizures that involve both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously. 2.      Classification : o Seizures are classified into different types based on their clinical presentation and EEG findings. Common seizure types include focal seizures, generalized seizures, and seizures of unknown onset. o The classification of seizures is esse...
Post a Comment
Read more

Mu Rhythms compared to Ciganek Rhythms

Dr. Rishabh Pathak
The Mu rhythm and Cigánek rhythm are two distinct EEG patterns with unique characteristics that can be compared based on various features.  1.      Location : o     Mu Rhythm : § The Mu rhythm is maximal at the C3 or C4 electrode, with occasional involvement of the Cz electrode. § It is predominantly observed in the central and precentral regions of the brain. o     Cigánek Rhythm : § The Cigánek rhythm is typically located in the central parasagittal region of the brain. § It is more symmetrically distributed compared to the Mu rhythm. 2.    Frequency : o     Mu Rhythm : §   The Mu rhythm typically exhibits a frequency similar to the alpha rhythm, around 10 Hz. §   Frequencies within the range of 7 to 11 Hz are considered normal for the Mu rhythm. o     Cigánek Rhythm : §   The Cigánek rhythm is slower than the Mu rhythm and is typically outside the alpha frequency range. 3. ...
Post a Comment
Read more